Biotechnology and Nutrition (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Biotechnology and Nutrition 2
Copyright Page 3
Table of Contents 4
PREFACE 8
PART I: ENHANCED HUMAN NUTRITION 12
Acknowledgment 10
Chapter 1. An International Perspective on Biotechnology and Nutrition 14
Introduction 14
Benefits to the Consumer 16
Producing More Food 17
The Policy Context 19
Support for Research 22
Chapter 2. 
24 
Introduction 24
Diet and Cancer 25
Scientific Rationale for Dietary Modification 27
Chemoprevention 29
Clinical Intervention 30
Clinical Intervention Trials 32
Biotechnology—Health Implications of the Changing Food Supply 34
References 35
Chapter 3. 
40 
Introduction 40
Obesity as a Disease 41
Complications of Obesity 42
Treatment of Obesity: Low Calorie Diets 43
References 51
Chapter 4. 
58 
Introduction 58
Genetic Selection and Management Strategies for Ruminants 59
Porcine Somatotropin (pST) Administration 64
Transgenic Pigs Expressing a Bovine Growth Hormone Gene 64
Conclusions 67
References 68
Chapter 5. 
70 
Introduction 70
Problems With Lignocellulose Conversions 71
Chemical and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Studies 72
Solid Substrate Fermentation Studies 73
Trichoderma Sp. 75
Algae 81
Current Research 82
Materials and Methods 83
Results 84
Discussion 86
References 87
PART II: CARBOHYDRATE NUTRITION—NEEDS AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES 92
Chapter 6. 
94 
Introduction 94
Starch in Nutrition 96
Starch Functionality 98
Controlling Starch Function 99
Role of Biotechnology in Starch Polymer Function Control 100
Regulatory and Public Concerns 101
Summary 102
References 103
Chapter 7. 
108 
Introduction 108
Properties of Dietary Fiber 109
Nutritional Responses 115
Conclusions 117
Acknowledgements 117
References 118
Chapter 8. 
120 
Introduction 120
Structure of Plant Cell Walls and Cereal Starch 122
Major Fibrolytic Organisms, Their Interactions, and Adhesion to Fiber 126
Hydrolytic Enzymes of Rumen Microorganisms 129
Starch Digestion 131
Genes Coding for Fibrolytic Enzymes 133
Genetic Diversity 134
Plasmids from Rumen Bacteria 137
Gene Transfer 139
Manipulation of Fiber Digestion 140
Genetic Manipulation 142
Molecular Considerations 144
Conclusions 145
Acknowledgements 146
References 146
Chapter 9. 
160 
Introduction 161
Metabolism of Soluble Carbohydrate 162
Degradation of Cell Wall Polymers 167
Conclusions 172
References 172
Chapter 10. 
178 
Introduction 178
Fructose 180
Amylose and Amylopectin 188
References 193
PART III: AMELIORATED PROTEINS 202
Chapter 11. 
204 
Introduction 204
Characteristics of Legume Storage Proteins 209
Approaches to Improving Legume Protein Quality 211
Factors Affecting the Sulfur Amino Acid Content of Legume Seeds 212
Factors Affecting Storage Protein Levels in Legume Seeds 213
Effect of Methionine on Legume Seed Storage Proteins 214
Conclusions 218
References 218
Chapter 12. 
226 
Regulation of Phaseolin Gene Transcription 226
Synthesis and Processing of Phaseolin 231
Structure and Targeting of Phaseolin 233
Approaches for Nutritional Enhancement of Seed Proteins Through Protein Engineering 238
Acknowledgements 240
References 240
Chapter 13. 
248 
Introduction 248
Determining Structural Relationships Among Zein Proteins 251
Engineering a Zein Protein with High Lysine Content 254
Searching for Mechanisms to Overexpress Modified Zein Proteins 257
Summary and Conclusions 261
References 262
Chapter 14. 
264 
Introduction 264
Somatic Storage Tissue Differentiation in Potato 265
Use of Patatin as a Biochemical Marker for Tuberization 266
Molecular Characterization of the Patatin Multigene Family in S. Tuberosum 267
Expresssion of Patatin Promoters in Transgenic Potato Plants 268
Introduction of Class-I Patatin Expression without the Morphology of Tuberization 269
Modulation of the Sucrose Induction of Patatin Gene Expression by Factors Known to Influence Tuberization 271
Evolution of Tuberization 272
Patatin Trans-acting Factors in Nontuberizing Species 272
Patatin Genes in Tomato 273
Patatin Genes in Tobacco 274
Patatin Genes in Wild Potato Species 276
Summary 278
References 278
Chapter 15. 
284 
Introduction 284
Starch Biosynthesis 286
Experimental 290
Starch Synthase 293
Discussion 295
References 296
PART IV: ENHANCEMENT OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS 300
Chapter 16. 
302 
Introduction 302
Vegetables as Carotene Sources 303
Genetic Improvement of Carotenoid Content 303
New Sources of Vegetable Carotenes 309
Conclusion 309
References 309
Chapter 17. 
312 
Introduction 313
Biosynthesis of the Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Unit 314
Biosynthesis of the Central Substrate Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate 315
Biosynthesis of Phytoene, the First C40 Carotenoid 316
Later Reactions of Carotenoid Biosynthesis 318
Regulation and Molecular Biology of Carotenogenic Enzymes 319
References 322
Chapter 18. 
326 
Introduction 326
Cloning of a cDNA for Rat GLO 327
Expression of a Minigene for GLO 329
Genetic Defect of GLO Deficiency in Humans 331
References 334
Chapter 19. 
336 
Introduction 336
Regulation of Iron Absorption in Higher Plants 338
Higher Plant Iron Transport Mutants 343
Studies Using E107, The Hyper Iron Accumulating Pea Genotype 345
Future Research Needs 350
References 351
Acknowledgements 355
Chapter 20. 
356 
Introduction 356
Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids 358
Ellagic Acid Biosynthesis in the Strawberry 360
Ellagic Acid Genetics in the Strawberry 363
Quality and Consumer Acceptance 368
Conclusions 368
References 369
PART V: MOLECULAR APPROACHES IN THE MODIFICATION AND PRODUCTION OF EDIBLE OILS 374
Chapter 21. 
376 
Introduction 376
Oil Biosynthesis 380
Organization and Regulation of FAS Genes 383
Biochemical Regulation of FAS 388
Conclusions 391
References 391
Chapter 22. 
396 
Introduction 396
I. Manipulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 397
II. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Peroxidation 399
III. Progress in Soybean Transformation 411
References 415
Chapter 23. 
424 
Introduction 424
Experimental Procedures 426
Results and Discussion 428
State of Current Technology for Genetic Regulation of Oil Content in Soybean 429
Evaluation of Lipid Synthetic Capacity in Soybean Cotyledons 432
Genotypic Differences in Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Activity 434
Influence on Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase on Oil Composition 438
Conclusion 441
References 442
Chapter 24. 
446 
Introduction 447
Triacylglycerol Components 449
The Biochemistry of Seed Lipid Synthesis 450
A Genetic Approach 453
Mutants Deficient in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synthesis 454
Searching for Mutants with Desaturase Genes Tagged by T-DNA 455
Strategies for Modifying the Composition of Seed Oils 456
References 457
Chapter 25. 
462 
Introduction 462
Necessity for Omega-3 Dietary Supplementation 463
Microbial EPA Production 466
Microbial DHA Production 468
Fish Oils vs Microbial Oils as Omega-3 Nutritional Supplements 470
Biotechnological Approaches to Production of Designer Oils 472
Future Directions of SCO Research 474
Acknowledgements 475
References 475