Front Cover 1
Related titles 3
Eco-friendly Innovations in Electricity Transmission and Distribution Networks 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Dedication 14
List of contributors 16
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy 18
Acknowledgements 22
Introduction 24
Part 1 Eco-design and innovation in electricity transmission and distribution networks 32
1 - The implications of climate change and energy security for global electricity supply: the Energy (R)evolution 34
1.1 Greenhouse emissions and climate change 34
1.2 Primary energy resources 46
1.3 The fossil fuels 47
1.4 Carbon dioxide capture and storage and clean coal technologies 55
1.5 Uranium resources and nuclear energy 57
1.6 Contribution of all fossil and nuclear fuels4,5 59
1.7 What is the solution for saving the planet? 61
1.8 Development of global energy demand 67
1.9 The hydrogen economy11 71
1.10 Conclusions 73
Acknowledgements 75
References and further reading 75
1. Author biography 75
2 - Key performance indicators in assessing new technology for electricity transmission and distribution networks 78
2.1 Introduction 78
2.2 Key performance indicators to assess the environmental impact of transmission and distribution networks 79
2.3 Test networks 86
2.4 A methodology for evaluating KPIs 88
2.5 Results 89
References 94
3 - Improving European Union ecodesign standardization 96
3.1 Standardization policy 96
3.2 Product ecodesign 97
3.3 Ecodesign methodology 99
3.4 Ecodesign for energy-related products: the new scope of the ErP directive 101
3.5 Applying ecodesign directive to electricity transmission and distribution technology: power transformers 103
3.6 Methodology for ecodesign of energy-related products (MeerP) 104
3.7 Two European initiatives on resource efficiency and critical raw materials 105
3.8 The product environmental footprint 107
3.9 Future trends 108
References and further reading 111
List of acronyms used 112
4 - Approaches for multi-objective optimization in the ecodesign of electric systems 114
4.1 Introduction 114
4.2 Ecodesign principles 114
4.3 Matching models and algorithms 115
4.4 Multi-objective algorithms and techniques 118
4.5 Optimization problem transformation techniques 121
4.6 Summary: using different techniques 126
References 127
5 - Strategic environmental assessment of power plants and electricity transmission and distribution networks 130
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 SEA in different countries 131
5.3 The contribution of SEA to sustainability 133
5.4 SEA in the power planning process 134
5.5 Stages of SEA 138
5.6 SEA indicators: measuring differences within power plan alternatives 143
5.7 Conclusions and future trends 145
5.8 Sources of further information and advice 146
Acknowledgements 147
References 147
Part 2 Application and assessment of advanced equipment for electricity transmission and distribution networks 152
6 - Life cycle assessment of equipment for electricity transmission and distribution networks 154
6.1 Introduction 154
6.2 Introduction to life cycle assessment 154
6.3 Applying LCA in practice: power transformer 156
6.4 Applying LCA in practice: a 765kV AC transmission system 160
6.5 Conclusions 163
References 164
7 - Superconducting DC cables to improve the efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution networks: an overview 166
7.1 Introduction 166
7.2 Superconducting cable systems: key elements 166
7.3 Superconducting materials 168
7.4 Cable conductors and electrical insulation 171
7.5 Cable cryostat 173
7.6 Cable terminations and joints 176
7.7 Cryogenic machine 178
7.8 Superconductive cable system configurations 179
7.9 Power dissipation sources in the superconducting system 179
7.10 Power losses from AC ripples 182
7.11 Comparing power dissipation in a DC superconducting system to a conventional system 186
7.12 Opportunities for DC superconducting cables 193
7.13 Conclusions 195
References 197
8 - Improving energy efficiency in railway powertrains 200
8.1 Introduction 200
8.2 Upstream design of an onboard energy storage system 201
8.3 Techniques to optimize the design of the ESS 204
8.4 Downstream optimization of a transformer and its rectifier 207
8.5 Techniques to optimize the design of the transformer and rectifier 209
8.6 Conclusion 211
References 212
9 - Reducing the environmental impacts of power transmission lines 214
9.1 Introduction 214
9.2 Environmental challenges relating to grid lines 214
9.3 Environmental legislation and guidelines 216
9.4 The importance of stakeholder engagement 220
9.5 The challenges of implementing nature legislation 221
9.6 Biodiversity along grid lines 223
9.7 Best practice approaches 223
9.8 Conclusion 226
References 227
Further reading and source of information 229
10 - Ecodesign of equipment for electricity distribution networks 230
10.1 Introduction 230
10.2 Legislation and standards in Europe relating to energy-efficient design 233
10.3 The product environmental profile program for energy-efficient design 236
10.4 Typical electricity distribution network equipment 238
10.5 End-of-life management of electricity distribution network equipment 239
10.6 Case study: managing the recycling of medium-voltage switchgear 240
10.7 Meeting PEP and LCA requirements for electricity distribution network equipment 243
10.8 Case study: LCA of medium-voltage switchgear 243
10.9 Future trends 246
List of acronyms 248
References 249
Part 3 Application and assessment of advanced wind energy systems 250
11 - Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in wind energy systems 252
11.1 Introduction 252
11.2 Wind turbines 253
11.3 Maintenance theory 256
11.4 Condition monitoring of WTs 258
11.5 Sensory signals and signal processing methods 267
11.6 Conclusions 267
List of acronyms 268
References 268
12 - Development of permanent magnet generators to integrate wind turbines into electricity transmission and distribution n ... 274
12.1 Introduction 274
12.2 Wind turbine power conversion: the induction generator 274
12.3 Wind turbine power conversion: the synchronous generator 278
12.4 Improving reliability: the direct drive permanent magnet generator 282
12.5 Optimizing direct drive permanent magnet generators 283
12.6 Comparing different configurations 288
12.7 Conclusion and future trends 291
References 292
13 - Advanced AC and DC technologies to connect offshore wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks 294
13.1 Introduction 294
13.2 Wind power development and wind turbine technologies 295
13.3 Wind farm configuration and wind power collection 299
13.4 Multiterminal HVDC for offshore wind power transmission 304
13.5 Control of centralised AC/DC converter for offshore wind farms with induction generators 311
13.6 Future trends 319
References 320
14 - DC grid architectures to improve the integration of wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks 322
14.1 Introduction 322
14.2 Benefits of using a pure DC grid 323
14.3 Current wind farm architectures 324
14.4 Case study to compare different architectures 326
14.5 Strengths and weaknesses of different architectures 330
14.6 Availability estimation 338
14.7 Overall comparison 340
14.8 Conclusions 340
References 341
Part 4 Smart grid and demand-side management for electricity transmission and distribution networks 344
15 - Improved energy demand management in buildings for smart grids: the US experience 346
15.1 Introduction 346
15.2 Smart energy infrastructure: an overview 346
15.3 Core technologies 350
15.4 Architectures for building-to-grid communications 352
15.5 Building applications 355
15.6 Case studies: building-to-grid applications for peak load reduction 359
15.7 Case studies: building-to-grid applications for integration of renewable power sources 364
15.8 Conclusions and future trends 367
References 368
16 - Smart meters for improved energy demand management: the Nordic experience 370
16.1 Introduction 370
16.2 The Schneider Electric experience of AMI deployment in Sweden and Finland 373
16.3 Planning the deployment of a massive AMI 374
16.4 Rollout of the AMI platform into milestone areas 377
16.5 Launching the operation of the AMI platform 383
16.6 Leveraging a smart metering infrastructure to add value 387
16.7 Conclusions 392
Reference 392
17 - Managing charging of electric vehicles in electricity transmission and distribution networks 394
17.1 Introduction 394
17.2 EV charging: issues and opportunities for the distribution grid 394
17.3 Impact of FR charging strategies on the distribution grid 398
17.4 Smart VR charging strategies: a key paradigm for electric transportation 401
17.5 Smart grid for vehicle charging: a case study 405
17.6 Conclusions 406
References 406
18 - The Serhatköy photovoltaic power plant and the future of renewable energy on the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus: Integrating solar photovoltaic and wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks 408
18.1 Background 408
18.2 Electricity sector 410
18.3 The solar project 413
18.4 The tender process and awarding of the contract 418
18.5 Construction of the plant 419
18.6 Performance of the plant 419
18.7 Recommendations for future improvements to the Serhatköy power plant 424
18.8 The Intergovernmental Programme for Climate Change 426
18.9 The future 427
18.10 Conclusions 432
Acknowledgements 432
References and further reading 432
18. Authors' biography 433
Index 434
Plate Captions List 444