Electrical and Electronic Principles (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Electrical and Electronic Principles 3 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE 9
CHAPTER 1. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND THEOREMS 10
Characteristics of circuit elements 10
Thevenin's Theorem 13
Norton's Theorem 18
Adding equivalent circuits 20
Transfer of power 21
Decibels and attenuation 23
Adding up decibels 24
Current and voltage ratios 25
Problems 26
CHAPTER 2. D.C. TRANSIENTS 29
Fundamental relationships 30
The series C-R circuit 33
Time constant 35
The equation of charge 39
The discharge of a capacitor 41
The series L-R circuit 43
Decay of current 47
Differentiating and integrating circuits 48
Application to pulse trains 49
Active circuits 51
Problems 53
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATING CURRENT: SERIES CIRCUITS 55
Basic relationships 55
Impedance 57
A. C. circuit problems 58
Inductance and resistance in series 58
Resistance and capacitance in series 60
Power in A.C. circuits 63
Power factor 64
L, C, and R in series 67
Series resonance 69
Circuit magnification 72
Problems 75
CHAPTER 4. ALTERNATING CURRENT: PARALLEL CIRCUITS 77
Resistance and inductance 78
Resistance and capacitance 80
Inductance and capacitance 81
True parallel resonance 82
Current magnification 85
Selectivity and bandwidth 87
Acceptors and rejectors 89
Power in a parallel circuit 89
Power factor correction 92
Problems 93
CHAPTER 5. TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLES 96
High-frequency transformers 96
Low-frequency transformers 97
Transformation ratio 98
Current transformation 99
The unloaded transformer 100
Input resistance 101
Maximum power transfer 103
Transformer losses and materials 105
Regulation and efficiency 107
Problems 107
CHAPTER 6. THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 110
Polyphase generators 111
Connection of phases 113
Star connection 114
Delta connection 115
Power in a balanced system 116
Measurement of power 118
Problems 119
CHAPTER 7. ELECTRICAL MACHINES 121
The D.C. generator 121
The generator equation 124
Generator characteristics 125
The generator on load 126
Types of generator 127
The shunt generator 127
The series generator 130
The compound generator 130
The D.C. motor 131
Torque 132
Motor characteristics 133
The shunt-wound motor 134
The series-wound motor 134
Speed control and starting 135
Starting 137
Losses and efficiency 137
Stepping motors 138
Problems 140
CHAPTER 8. THE INDUCTION MOTOR 142
Generated frequency 143
The rotating field 144
The induction motor 145
Rotation and slip 146
Problems 148
CHAPTER 9. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 149
Taking measurements 149
Effect of instrument loading 151
Measurement of alternating quantities 151
Errors and limitations 153
Total error 155
The ohmmeter 157
The electronic voltmeter 158
Complex waves 159
Attenuation 162
Measurement of phase 163
Measurement of frequency 164
Counters and frequency meters 165
The digital voltmeter 168
The digital multimeter 170
A.C. bridges 172
Problems 174
CHAPTER 10. CONTROL PRINCIPLES 177
Open-loop and closed-loop system 177
Transient and steady state conditions 178
A control analysis 180
Proportional control 181
Integral control 182
Derivative control 183
Natural oscillatory motion 184
Damped oscillations 185
Performance curves 186
Frequency response and stability 187
Resonance 188
Problems 190
CHAPTER 11. PRINCIPLES OF MODULATION 192
Amplitude modulation 192
Phasor representation 196
Frequency modulation 198
Pulse modulation 200
Demodulation 200
Problems 204
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 206
INDEX 214