Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contributors 8
Preface 10
CHAPTER 1. IMMOBILIZED LIVING MICROBIAL CELLS 12
I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 12
II. IMMOBILIZATION OF MICROBIAL CELLS IN A LIVING STATE 13
III. APPLICATION OF IMMOBILIZED LIVING MICROBIAL CELLS 15
IV. CONCLUSION 29
REFERENCES 30
CHAPTER 2. BIOENERGY PRODUCTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL WITH IMMOBILIZED MICROBES 34
I. INTRODUCTION 34
II. A POTENTIAL SOLUTION TO ACHIEVING VERY LOW LEVELS OF POLLUTANTS 36
III. AN AEROBIC HIGH-RATE PROCESS FOR CONCENTRATED WASTES 38
IV. A PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HIGH BTU GAS WITHOUT SCRUBBING 39
V. CONCLUSION 43
REFERENCES 43
CHAPTER 3. LARGE-SCALE CELL CULTURE TECHNOLOGY 46
I . INTRODUCTION 46
II. Review of Existing Technology 47
III. CELL CULTURE AT MONSANTO 54
IV. CONCLUSIONS 79
REFERENCES 81
CHAPTER 4. MIXING IN FERMENTATION PROCESSES 86
PUMPING CAPACITY, FLUID SHEAR RATES, MACRO 
86 
SOME RECENT WORK ON VELOCITIES 90
GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER FERMENTATION STEP 94
SCALE-UP 101
CARBON DIOXIDE DESORPTION 103
BLENDING IN FULL SCALE 103
MIXER COSTS 105
CHEMICAL REACTIONS 105
NOMENCLATURE 109
REFERENCES 110
CHAPTER 5. AERATION 112
I. INTRODUCTION 112
II. ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS 113
III. MEASURING TECHNIQUES 140
IV. AERATION DEVICES 147
V. CONCLUSION 149
NOMENCLATURE 149
REFERENCES 152
CHAPTER 6. ENGINEERING AT THE MICROORGANISM SCALE 160
I. INTRODUCTION 160
II. AGGREGATION 162
III. INTERFACES 171
IV. RELATIVE MOTION OF CELLS AND MEDIUM 175
V. SUBSTRATE AND MASS TRANSFER LIMITATIONS 177
VI. FLUID TRANSPORT WITHIN CELLS 177
VII. CELLULAR INTERACTIONS 179
VIII. CONCLUSION 180
REFERENCES 180
CHAPTER 7. ENZYMES OF INDUSTRIAL INTEREST—TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS 186
I. PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 187
II. AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 192
III. OTHER CARBOHYDRASES 199
IV. OTHER HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES 201
V. OTHER ENZYMES 204
VI. GENE TECHNOLOGY 205
VII. REVIEW ARTICLES AND BOOKS 206
REFERENCES 206
CHAPTER 8. APPLICATION OF BIOSENSOR IN FERMENTATION PROCESSES 214
I. MICROBIAL SENSORS FOR FERMENTATION PROCESSES 216
II. MICROBIAL SENSORS FOR WASTE WATERS CONTROL 237
III. CONCLUSION 244
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 245
REFERENCES 245
CHAPTER 9. VENTURES IN YEAST 
248 
REFERENCES 260
CHAPTER 10. RECENT ADVANCES IN D-XYLOSE CONVERSION BY YEASTS 264
I. INTRODUCTION 264
II. PENTOSE METABOLISM 265
III. CONVERSION OF D-XYLOSE 271
IV. CONVERSION OF D-XYLULOSE 277
V. SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE 283
V. SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE 283
VI. PREPARATION OF D-XYLULOSE 283
VII. ISOMERIZATION-FERMENTATION 284
VIII. XYLOSE ISOMERASE (GLUCOSE ISOMERASE) 290
IX. UTILIZATION OF MIXED MONOSACCHARIDES 292
X. ETHANOL FROM HEMICELLULOSES 294
XI. CONCLUSION 300
REFERENCES 302
CHAPTER 11. EFFECT OF HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION ON LIGNOCELLULOSE CONVERSION 310
I. INTRODUCTION 310
II. BIOMASS RESOURCES 311
III. HIGH ENERGY RADIATION SOURCES 312
IV. EFFECT OF HIGH ENERGY RADIATION ON LIGNOCELLULOSE 314
V. USE OF GAMMA RADIATION TN BIOMASS CONVERSION 330
REFERENCES 331
CHAPTER 12. INTERACTION BETWEEN SOLID SUBSTRATE AND CELLULASE ENZYMES IN CELLULOSE HYDROLYSIS 334
I. INTRODUCTION 334
II. THE SOLID SUBSTRATE 335
III. THE ENZYMES 343
IV. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE SOLID SUBSTRATE AND THE ENZYME : ADSORPTION 352
V. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE SOLID SUBSTRATE AND THE ENZYME: HYDROLYSIS REACTION KINETICS 362
REFERENCES 366
CHAPTER 13. AUTOMATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF FERMENTATION PROCESSES 370
I. SENSORS, DEVICES, AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 371
II. STATE ESTIMATION AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 375
III. COMPUTER CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION 376
IV. CONTROL AND OPERATION OF FED-BATCH PROCESSES 379
V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 380
REFERENCES 382
Index 388