Art of Linear Electronics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Art of Linear Electronics 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 12
Acknowledgements 13
Chapter 1. Electronic component symbols and circuit drawing 14
Introduction 14
Basic design philosophy 14
Avoidance of ambiguities 15
Conventional assumptions 16
Block diagrams 16
The theoretical circuit 16
Technical terms 16
Circuit symbols and useful conventions 17
Capacitors 17
Resistors and potentiometers 18
Coils and transformers 18
Switches 19
Relays 19
Transistors and diodes 20
Field effect devices 20
Thyristors and triacs 21
Thermionic valves and other vacuum envelope devices 22
Linear integrated circuits (ICs) 22
Logic ICs 23
Light operated and light emitting devices 24
Miscellaneous symbols 24
Chapter 2. Passive components 26
Resistors 26
Capacitors 32
Inductors and transformers 42
Chapter 3. Active components based on thermionic emission 51
Early beginnings 51
The modern thermionic valve 52
Thermionic emission 53
Indirectly heated cathode systems 55
Anode structures 55
Valve characteristics 56
Internal grid structures 57
Screened grid, pentode and beam-tetrode valves 58
Secondary emission 59
Variable mu pentodes and tetrodes 60
Other multiple electrode valve types 61
Cathode ray tubes 61
Deterioration procesess 62
Chapter 4. Active components based on semiconductors 63
Basic theory 63
The effect of doping 65
The semiconductor junction and the junction diode 66
The depletion zone 67
Reverse breakdown effects 68
Junction capacitance 69
Majority and minority carriers 70
Ohmic contacts 70
Point contact devices 71
The bipolar junction transistor 72
Chapter 5. Practical semiconductor components 75
Junction transistor manufacturing techniques 75
Junction transistor characteristics 77
h parameters 78
Thermal effects 79
Junction field effect transistors (FETs) 80
Insulated gate field effect transistors 82
Dual-gate MOSFETs 84
Power MOSFETs 84
T-MOS devices 86
Thyristors and triacs 87
Silicon bilateral trigger diodes (diacs) 89
Linear integrated circuits 90
Operational amplifiers 90
Voltage regulator units 91
Voltage reference devices 92
Transistor and diode arrays 92
Current mirrors 92
Constant current sources 92
Instrumentation amplifiers 93
Specialized circuitry 93
Linear uses of digital ICs 93
Chapter 6. DC and low frequency amplifiers 95
Introduction 95
Circuitry based on bipolar junction transistors 96
Small-signal (silicon planar) transistors 96
Other small-signal junction transistors 108
Bipolar junction power transistors 109
Circuit characteristics of Field effect devices 111
Junction field effect transistors (FETs) 111
MOSFET devices 114
DC Amplifiers 119
Chapter 7. Feedback, negative and positive 122
Introduction 122
The basic effects of feedback 122
The effect of feedback on gain 124
The use of NFB to reduce distortion 125
Problems with negative feedback 127
The relationship between frequency response and phase shift 129
Operational amplifier systems 132
Effects of negative feedback on distortion 135
Appendix 136
Chapter 8. Frequency response modifying circuits and filters 139
Introduction 139
Passive circuit layouts 140
Active filter circuitry 145
Chapter 9. Audio amplifiers 157
The evolution of power amplifier design 157
Performance specifications 157
Early amplifier designs 161
Modern audio amplifier circuit design 167
Improved transistor amplifier designs 171
Contemporary high quality audio amplifier designs 174
The future 178
Preamplifiers 179
Chapter 10. Low frequency oscillators and waveform generators 189
Introduction 189
Sinewave oscillators 189
Relaxation, or capacitor charge/discharge oscillators 195
Logic element based square-wave generators 198
Sawtooth, triangular and staircase waveform generators 199
Negative impedance oscillators 201
Noise sources 202
Chapter 11. Tuned Circuits 205
Introduction 205
Calculation of resonant frequency, dynamic impedance and Q. 206
Circuit magnification factor Q 207
Bandpass-coupled tuned circuits 208
Quartz crystals and other mechanical resonators. 210
Chapter 12. High frequency amplifiers 215
Introduction 215
Practical circuitry 215
Bandwidth, noise and cross-modulation 219
Wide bandwidth amplifier design 220
Effects of junction capacitances 223
Input bandwidth limitation 224
Chapter 13. High Frequency Oscillators 226
Introduction 226
Basic circuit designs 227
Chapter 14. Radio receiver circuitry 239
Introduction 239
Radio receiver circuitry 239
Appendix. Transmission and reception data 263
Chapter 15. Power supply systems 265
Introduction 265
Battery power supplies 265
Mains operated power supplies 272
Chapter 16. Noise and Hum 287
Introduction 287
The physical basis of electrical noise 287
Noise figure or noise factor 290
Low noise circuit design 290
Amplifiers for very low impedance systems 293
Summary 295
Noise from external sources 296
Screening 298
Chapter 17. Test and measurement equipment 300
The importance of measurements, and the need for testing 300
Static testing (voltage, current and resistance measurement) 301
Digital meters 308
Oscilloscopes 318
Frequency measurement 321
Signal generators 322
Appendix A: Component manufacturing conventions 324
Resistor colour codes 324
Capacitor coding systems 326
Semiconductor labelling 327
Appendix B: Circuit ipmpedance and phase angle calculations 331
Practical network impedance calculations 333
Practical examples of unusual circuit effects 337
Conclusions 340
Index 342