Civil Engineering for Underground Rail Transport (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Civil Engineering for Underground Rail Transport 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
Foreword 6
Preface 8
Glossary 10
Chapter 1. Introduction 14
1.1 The growing need for underground rail transport 16
1.2 How underground systems are justified 16
1.3 Civil engineering development 18
1.4 Readership and scope of this book 18
1.5 Other topics 18
1.6 Arrangement of this book 19
1.7 Costs 20
Chapter 2. Civil engineering aspects of route planning 22
2.1 General 24
2.2 The initial steps 24
2.3 Surveys 26
2.4 Curvature and gradients 28
2.5 Sensitive areas 30
2.6 Working sites 30
2.7 Running tunnels 31
2.8 Terminal facilities 36
2.9 Drainage 37
2.10 Ventilation 37
2.11 Rolling stock depots 38
2.12 Costs 39
2.13 Construction materials 41
2.14 Programme 42
Chapter 3. Civil engineering aspects of station locationand design 44
3.1 Location 46
3.2 Layout and main dimensions 48
3.3 Entrances and passenger facilities 56
3.4 Plant rooms and provision for services 61
3.5 Construction 63
Chapter 4. Ground treatment 70
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Grouting by injection 72
4.3 Jet grouting 78
4.4 Compaction grouting 81
4.5 Ground freezing 82
4.6 Working levels 83
4.7 Costs 85
4.8 Applications 86
4.9 Environmental aspects 93
4.10 Heave control 94
4.11 Soil investigations 95
4.12 Large-scale grouting trials 97
4.13 Contractual aspects 97
4.14 Conclusions 97
Chapter 5. Track for underground railways 100
5.1 Introduction 102
5.2 Ballasted track 102
5.3 Non-ballasted track 103
5.4 Resiliently mounted tracks for vibration isolation 107
5.5 Switches and crossings in tunnels 113
5.6 Summary of advantages and disadvantages of track types 113
5.7 Alternative systems to steel wheels on steel rails 115
Chapter 6. Cut and cover design and construction in reinforced concrete 118
6.1 Form and layout 120
6.2 Construction methods 126
6.3 Soil/structure interaction 130
6.4 Peripheral support 133
6.5 Foundations 141
6.6 Reinforced concrete design 149
6.7 Design development 156
Chapter 7. Diaphragm walls 162
7.1 General description of the technique 164
7.2 History of development 164
7.3 Applications - advantages and limitations 166
7.4 Trench stability 174
7.5 Design considerations 183
7.6 Construction considerations 186
7.7 Special details 189
7.8 Typical costs and progress rates 190
7.9 Case histories 190
7.10 Future developments and prospects 193
Chapter 8. Concrete piling walls 198
8.1 Criteria and wall types 200
8.2 Ground support 202
8.3 Geometry and restrictions 209
8.4 Water exclusion 213
8.5 Construction and economy 215
8.6 Future use 220
Chapter 9. Hand-dug caissons or wells 222
9.1 Introduction 224
9.2 Means of construction 224
9.3 Safety precautions 226
9.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the technique 228
9.5 Building foundations 229
9.6 Caisson walls 232
9.7 Design of caissons 236
9.8 Grouting 240
Chapter 10. Large reinforced concrete caissons 246
10.1 General description of construction technique 248
10.2 Conditions 248
10.3 Design 249
10.4 Building and sinking 259
Chapter 11. Immersed-tube tunnels 266
11.1 Principles of construction 268
11.2 Vertical and horizontal alignment 278
11.3 Cross section and layout 280
11.4 Structural design 281
11.5 Joints 284
11.6 Further development 287
Chapter 12. Precast concrete tunnels 290
12.1 Introduction 292
12.2 General 292
12.3 Metro layout 292
12.4 Design of the shell tunnel 295
12.5 Lateral and longitudinal cross section 297
12.6 Joints 302
12.7 Building trench 306
12.8 Construction 309
12.9 Conclusion 316
Chapter 13. Tunnels in soil and weak rock 318
13.1 The selection of tunnelling method 320
13.2 Soft ground tunnels with in-situ linings (informal support) 326
Chapter 14. Tunnels in soils - formal linings 338
14.1 Choice of linings 340
14.2 Types of lining 341
14.3 Lining design 344
14.4 Waterproofing 346
14.5 Special structures 348
14.6 Temporary works 351
14.7 Ground movements 352
14.8 Rates of progress 353
Chapter 15. Tunnelling machines in soft ground 356
15.1 Geological operating range of shields and TBMs in soft ground 358
15.2 Shields and TBMs for soft ground classified according to method of face support 358
15.3 Construction of the tunnel lining 369
15.4 Channel Tunnel machines 371
15.5 Future development 376
Chapter 16. Tunnelling machines in hard rock 378
16.1 Introduction 380
16.2 Geology 383
16.3 Performance in various rock conditions 385
16.4 Poor rock 392
16.5 Mixed-face tunnelling 397
16.6 Used tunnelling machines 398
16.7 Conclusions 399
Chapter 17. Hard-rock tunnels 400
17.1 Introduction 402
17.2 Site investigations 403
17.3 Excavation 406
17.4 Ground vibrations 412
17.5 Support and lining 415
17.6 Conclusions 426
Chapter 18. Tunnels in compressed air 428
18.1 Introduction 430
18.2 Different geological strata 430
18.3 A typical compressed air tunnel 431
18.4 The planning phase 431
18.5 The design phase 432
18.6 The construction phase 433
18.7 Sub-aqueous tunnels 440
18.8 Compressed air and groundwater lowering 441
18.9 Reduced exposure to compressed air 442
18.10 Medical aspects of compressed air working 443
18.11 Other uses of LP compressed air 444
18.12 Summary 445
Chapter 19. Large-diameter and non-circular tunnnels 446
19.1 Large-diameter tunnels 448
19.2 Crossovers and step plate junction tunnels 448
19.3 Station and concourse tunnels 459
19.4 Escalator and machine chambers 462
19.5 Junctions 462
Chapter 20. Multi-bore station tunnel 466
20.1 Station with one large central tunnel enclosing tracks and platform 468
20.2 Station with tunnels enclosing one track and platform 470
20.3 Station with single tunnels connected 471
20.4 Station with intersecting tunnels 474
Chapter 21. Station facilities 490
21.1 Introduction 492
21.2 Passenger handling 492
21.3 Environmental control 496
21.4 Other station plant 498
21.5 Operations 502
21.6 Architectural finishes 503
Chapter 22. Influence of air-treatment systems 504
22.1 The requirement for ventilation - overall considerations 506
22.2 Train-induced air flows - the 'piston effect' 506
22.3 Arrangement of draught-relief shafts 507
22.4 Air treatment in stations 510
22.5 Mechanical ventilation of tunnels 512
22.6 Ventilation systems for emergency conditions 514
22.7 Mechanical ventilation for smoke removal 514
22.8 Passenger evacuation 515
22.9 Provision of space underground and optimization of civil construction costs 516
22.10 Summary 517
Chapter 23. Civil defence requirements 518
23.1 Introduction 520
23.2 Weapon characteristics and effects 521
23.3 Protective measures generally 525
23.4 Sheltering strategy and facilities 529
23.5 Characteristics of blast 531
23.6 Designing the structural resistance 534
23.7 Entrances 539
23.8 Influence of other railway features 541
Index 544