Test Gear and Measurements (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Test Gear and Measurements 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 8
Chapter 1. Standards and transducers 10
Units and standards 10
Imperial units 11
Metric units 11
Measurement standards 13
Standard for frequency and time 15
Standards for luminous intensity and temperature 16
Standards for length and mass 17
Standards for voltage, current and resistance 17
Standard capacitors and inductors 20
Magnetic flux standard 21
Transducers 21
Photosensitive devices 23
Temperature devices 25
Displacement measurements 29
Strain gauges 32
General notes on transducers 33
Chapter 2. Bridges 36
Wheatstone bridge 36
Kelvin bridge 38
Murrary loop test 41
Varley loop test 42
A.C. bridges 44
Capacitance bridge 46
Schering bridge 47
Inductance bridge 49
Hay bridge 50
Maxwell bridge 52
Wien bridge 53
A universal bridge 56
Chapter 3. Potentiometers and d.c. meters 58
Potentiometers 58
Volt box 60
Shunt box 61
Direct current meters 62
Galvanometers and PMMCs 62
Damping and temperature compensation 66
D.C. volt meters 68
D.C. current meters 72
Ohmmeters and resistance measurements 75
Multimeters 77
Chapter 4. Alternating current meters 78
Electrodynamometers 78
Electrostatic voltmeter 79
Rectification 80
A.C. multirange meter 83
Moving iron meters 84
Thermal instruments 86
Current and voltage transformers 88
Power measurements 90
Summary 98
Chapter 5. Electronic meters 102
Balanced-bridge amplifier 107
Differential voltmeters 107
Digital voltmeters 108
Electronic counters 112
Logic gates 113
Timebase 114
Binary counter 118
Decimal counter 118
Universal counter/timer 122
Frequency measurement 123
Period or time interval measurement 125
Sources of error in counters 126
Chapter 6. Signal generators 128
Sinewave oscillators 129
Squarewave generators 131
Ramp generators 135
Pulse characteristics 136
Signal generators 139
Noise generators 140
Chapter 7. Oscilloscopes 142
Cathode ray tube features 143
CRO operation 144
CRO screens 145
Delay lines 147
CRO focusing and deflection 148
Sweep synchronisation 158
Lissajous figures 160
CRO probes 163
Dual beam, dual trace and storage CROs 165
Harmonic distortion analysers 168
Spectrum analysers 170
Trouble shooting tips 174
Safety 175