Preferred Orientation in Deformed Metal and Rocks (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Preferred Orientation in Deformed Metals and Rocks: An Introduction to Modern Texture Analysis 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contributors 14
Preface 16
Frequently Used Symbols and Abbreviations 18
Chapter 1. An Introduction 22
1. Introduction 22
2. Rocks and Metals 22
3. Deformation 24
4. Effects of Deformation 25
5. Preferred Orientation in Deformed Materials: Texture 27
6. A Note on Terminology 30
Chapter 2. Measurement of Pole Figures 32
1. Fabric Diagrams and Pole Figures 32
2. Optical Methods 37
3. Diffraction Methods 53
4. Comparison of Methods 68
Chapter 3. Symmetry of Pole Figures and Textures 70
1. Introduction 70
2. Symmetry: Operations, Groups, Elements 71
3. Three-Dimensional Point Groups 72
4. Homogeneous Polycrystalline Aggregates 73
5. Directions in Crystals 74
6. Symmetry of Pole Figures 76
7. Black–White Symmetry 82
8. Application of Black–White Groups to Pole-Figure Symmetry 83
9. Practical Symmetry of Pole Figures and Textures 87
Chapter 4. Representation of Preferred Orientations 94
1. Parameters Characterizing a Polycrystalline Structure 94
2. The Orientation Distribution Function 95
3. Specification of the Crystal Orientation 96
4. Definition of Pole Figures 110
5. The Fundamental Relation of Texture Analysis 112
6. Pole-Figure Inversion Methods 112
7. The General Axis Distribution Function 115
8. Fiber Textures 117
9. Inhomogeneous Textures 118
10. Symmetry Elements of the Second Kind 120
11. Evaluation of the ODF 125
Chapter 5. The Harmonic Method 130
1. General Formulation of the Method 130
2. Additional Useful Relations 134
3. The Harmonic Functions 140
Chapter 6. Vector Method 144
1. Introduction 144
2. Main Principles 144
3. Practical Considerations 154
4. Examples of Analysis 156
5. Conclusions and Outlook 158
Chapter 7. ODF Reproduction with Conditional Ghost Correction 160
1. Introduction 160
2. Theory 161
3. Examples 164
4. Conclusions 167
Chapter 8. Dislocations and Microstructures 170
1. Introduction 170
2. Imperfect Crystals 171
3. Plastic Deformation 185
4. The Yield, Plasticity, and Recovery of Crystalline Solids—Cold work 187
5. Recrystallization 189
6. Techniques for Studying Dislocations 190
7. Examples of Microstructures 194
Chapter 9. Recrystallization 204
1. Introduction 204
2. Phenomena and Terminology 205
3. The Driving Forces of Recrystallization 208
4. Deformed State and Recovery 212
5. Nucleation 216
6. Grain Boundary Migration 222
7. Kinetics of Primary Recrystallization 228
8. Grain Growth Phenomena 232
9. Dynamic Recrystallization 235
Chapter 10. Regimes off Plastic Deformation 240
1. Introduction 240
2. The Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 240
3. The Constitutive Relations for Plastic Deformation 245
4. Factors Influencing the Flow Process 246
5. The Construction of Deformation Mechanism Maps 249
Chapter 11. Development off Textures by Slip and Twinning 254
1. Introduction 254
2. Methods 254
3. Plastic Deformation of Single Crystals 259
4. Polycrystals 264
5. Computer Simulation of Deformation Textures by the Taylor–Bishop–Hill Theory 268
6. Data Required for Taylor Simulations 272
7. General Discussion 275
Chapter 12. Reorientation due to Grain Shape 280
1. General 280
2. Homogeneous Strain 280
3. Rigid Suspended Particles 285
4. Deformable Suspended Particles 286
5. Dispersion Flow 286
Chapter 13. Textures of Metals 288
1. Introduction 288
2. Fundamental Observations and Basic Rules 288
3. Deformation Textures 298
4. Annealing Textures 315
5. Textures and Mechanical Anisotropy 323
Chapter 14. Interpretation of the Copper—Brass Texture Transition by Quantitative ODF Analysis 328
1. Introduction 328
2. Peak Type Textures 328
3. Fiber Type and Mixed Textures 332
Chapter 15. Microstructures and Textures in Evaporites 338
1. Introduction 338
2. Halite and Sylvite 338
3. Gypsum 347
4. Anhydrite 348
5. Carnallite 351
6. Bischofite 354
Chapter 16. Ore Minerals 356
1. Sulfide Mineral Ores 356
2. Deformation Mechanism of Sulfide Minerals 357
3. Textures in Experimentally Deformed Sulfide Aggregates 361
4. Textures of Naturally Deformed Sulfide Ores 369
5. Oxide Mineral Ores 374
6. Deformation Mechanisms of Oxide Minerals 374
7. Textures in Experimentally Deformed Oxide Aggregates 377
8. Textures of Naturally Deformed Oxide Ores 379
Chapter 17. Carbonates 382
1. Deformation Mechanisms 382
2. Texture Development in Experimentally Deformed Carbonate Rocks 389
3. Natural Carbonate Textures 402
4. Twinning in Calcite and Stress Determination 404
Chapter 18. Preferred Orientations in Quartzites 406
1. Introduction 406
2. Mechanisms That Produce or Affect Preferred Orientations 406
3. Strain Measurement for Comparison of Fabrics 409
4. Theoretical Simulation of Deformation Fabrics 412
5. Comparison of Observed and Predicted Fabrics—Coaxial Strains 415
6. Preferred Orientations Resulting from Noncoaxial Deformation 423
7. Geological Implications 426
Chapter 19. Olivine and Pyroxenes 428
1. Intragranular Flow and Related Microstructures 428
2. Recrystallization Fabrics and Texture 436
3. Textures of Natural Peridotites 444
Chapter 20. Phyllosilicate Textures in Slates 452
1. General 452
2. Phyllosilicate Preferred Orientation 453
3. Original Random Orientation of Grains 456
4. Permanence of Phyllosilicate Grains 456
5. Deformation Mechanisms 457
6. Domainal Preferred Orientation 459
7. Unfolding a Fold 460
8. Conclusions 461
Chapter 21. Schistosity 462
1. Introduction 462
2. The Problem 463
3. Possible Contributing Processes 464
4. Snowball Muscovite Neoblasts 466
5. A Model for the Origin of Tectonometamorphic Schistosity 472
6. Nontectonic Schistosity 477
7. Discussion 479
8. Summary 481
Chapter 22. The Geological Significance of Microfabric Analysis 484
1. Introduction 484
2. Background 485
3. Models Proposed for the Development of Crystallographic Preferred Orientation by Slip 487
4. Factors Influencing Microfabric Development 494
5. Recent Theoretical Developments 498
6. Summary and Discussion 500
Chapter 23. Experimental Determination of Mechanical Properties 506
1. Introduction 506
2. Stress-Strain Behavior of Solids 507
3. Laboratory Simulation of Natural Rock Deformation 515
4. Typical Stress-Strain Results for Single Crystals 521
5. Typical Stress–Strain Results for Polycrystalline Aggregates 523
Chapter 24. Physical Properties of Polycrystals 528
1. Introduction 528
2. Uniaxial Properties 529
3. The Voigt – Reuss – Hill Mean Values 533
4. Influence of Other Structural Parameters on the Polycrystal Anisotropy 537
5. Triaxial Properties 538
6. Physical Meaning of the Texture Coefficients 543
7. Relations between Different Properties 545
Chapter 25. Texture and Magnetic Properties of Metals 548
1. Introduction 548
2. Theoretical Discussion 549
3. Experimental Procedure 551
4. Results and Discussion 552
Chapter 26. Anisotropy in Rocks and the Geological Significance 558
1. Introduction 558
2. Elastic Properties 559
3. Thermal Conductivity 567
4. Magnetic Fabric in Rocks Due to Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility 571
5. Electrical Anisotropy 576
References 578
Index 622