Field and Laboratory Guide to Tree Pathology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Field and Laboratory Guide to Tree Pathology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of contents 8
Dedication 6
PREFACE 14
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 18
INTRODUCTION 20
PART I: Concepts and Techniques for Understanding, Identifying, and Controlling Tree Diseases 24
CHAPTER 1. Tree Biology 26
Selected References 27
CHAPTER 2. Sterile Technique 28
INTRODUCTION 28
PREPARATION OF STERILE MEDIA 28
STERILE TRANSFERS 31
CHAPTER 3. Diagnostic Techniques 32
INTRODUCTION 32
ISOLATION OF DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS 33
GENERAL 33
ISOLATION OF FUNGI 33
ISOLATION OF BACTERIA 35
PREPARATION AND INTERPRETATION OF MICROSCOPE SLIDES 36
GENERAL 36
MOUNTING MATERIAL FOR EXAMINATION 37
FIXATION AND STAINING 37
SEMIPERMANENT AND PERMANENT MICROSCOPIC MOUNTS 39
INTERPRETATION 39
CHAPTER 4. Preservation of Diseased Specimens and Pathogens 42
INTRODUCTION 42
DISEASED SAMPLES 42
PATHOGENS—FUNGI AND BACTERIA 45
CHAPTER 5. Models 48
INTRODUCTION 48
THE DISEASE CYCLE 48
THE DISEASE TRIANGLE 49
THE CONTROL TRIANGLE 51
ASSOCIATIONS AMONG ORGANISMS 51
CHAPTER 6. Symptomatology 54
INTRODUCTION 54
SYMPTOMS 54
SIGNS 57
EXCLUSION 61
ERADICATION 62
PROTECTION 63
RESISTANCE 63
PART II: Diseases Caused by Infectious Agents 74
CHAPTER 8. Fungi 76
INTRODUCTION 76
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 77
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 77
CLASSIFICATION 78
CHAPTER 9. Foliage Diseases 82
INTRODUCTION 82
DISEASE: POWDERY MILDEW 84
DISEASE: APPLE SCAB 89
DISEASE: ANTHRACNOSE 94
DISEASE: OAK LEAF BLISTER 102
DISEASE: TAR SPOT OF MAPLE 103
DISEASE: NEEDLE CAST 106
DISEASE: NEEDLE AND TIP BLIGHT 112
DISEASE: SOOTY MOLD 116
CHAPTER 10. Vascular Wilt Diseases 120
INTRODUCTION 120
DISEASE: DUTCH ELM DISEASE 121
DISEASE: OAK WILT 129
DISEASE: VERTICILLIUM WILT 132
DISEASE: MIMOSA WILT 136
CHAPTER 11. Canker Diseases 142
INTRODUCTION 142
DISEASE: CHESTNUT BLIGHT 143
DISEASE: STRUMELLA CANKER 150
DISEASE: EUTYPELLA CANKER 153
DISEASE: NECTRIA CANKER (TARGET CANKER) 157
DISEASE: BEECH BARK DISEASE 160
DISEASE: HYPOXYLON CANKER 167
DISEASE: SCLERODERRIS CANKER 172
DISEASE: CYTOSPORA (LEUCOSTOMA) CANKER OF SPRUCE 177
DISEASE: BUTTERNUT CANKER 181
CHAPTER 12. Rust Diseases 188
INTRODUCTION 188
DISEASE: WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST 189
DISEASE: PINE-OAK GALL RUST (EASTERN GALL RUST) 196
DISEASE: FUSIFORM RUST 200
DISEASE: CEDAR-APPLE RUST 205
DISEASE: ASH RUST 208
CHAPTER 13. Root Diseases 218
INTRODUCTION 218
DISEASE: ARMILLARIA ROOT ROT (SHOESTRING ROOT ROT) 219
DISEASE: ANNOSUM ROOT ROT 224
DISEASE: PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROTS 227
MYCORRHIZAE 231
CHAPTER 14. Discoloration and Decay in Living Trees 236
INTRODUCTION 236
WOUNDS 236
HOST RESPONSE TO WOUNDS (CODIT) 236
MICROBIAL INVASION OF WOUNDS 237
CARPENTER ANTS AND TERMITES IN LIVING TREES 237
CHAPTER 15. Bacterial Diseases 240
INTRODUCTION 240
DISEASE: CROWN GALL 241
DISEASE: FIRE BLIGHT 245
DISEASE: BACTERIAL WETWOOD OF ELM 249
CHAPTER 16. Vascular Bacterial Diseases 254
INTRODUCTION 254
DISEASE: ELM YELLOWS (ELM PHLOEM NECROSIS) 255
DISEASE: LETHAL YELLOWING OF COCONUT PALMS 260
DISEASE: ASH YELLOWS OR ASH WITCHES'- BROOM 263
DISEASE: LEAF SCORCH OF HARDWOODS 266
CHAPTER 17. Virus Diseases 272
INTRODUCTION 272
VIRUS DISEASES OF TREES 273
CONTROL OF VIRUS DISEASES OF TREES 275
CHAPTER 18. Nematode Diseases 278
INTRODUCTION 278
NEMATODE DISEASES OF TREE ROOTS 279
CONTROL OF NEMATODE ROOT DISEASES 283
SYSTEMIC ATTACK OF NEMATODES 286
DISEASE: PINE WILT 288
CHAPTER 19. Diseases Caused by Parasitic Seed Plants 292
INTRODUCTION 292
DISEASE: DWARF MISTLETOE 292
DISEASE: TRUE (LEAFY) MISTLETOE 295
DISEASE: DODDER 298
PART III: Diseases Caused by Noninfectious Agents 302
CHAPTER 20. Temperature Extremes 304
INTRODUCTION 304
HIGH TEMPERATURE—HEAT INJURY 304
LOW TEMPERATURE—COLD INJURY 306
CHAPTER 21. Moisture Extremes 310
INTRODUCTION 310
WATER DEFICIENCY—DROUGHT 310
WATER EXCESS—FLOODING AND POORLY DRAINED SOILS 311
CHAPTER 22. Nutrient Abnormalities 316
INTRODUCTION 316
MACRONUTRIENTS 316
MICRONUTRIENTS 317
SOIL AND TISSUE ANALYSIS 317
CHAPTER 23. People Pressure Diseases 320
INTRODUCTION 320
CONSTRUCTION INJURY 320
CHEMICAL INJURY 322
CONTROL OF PEOPLE PRESSURE DISEASES 325
PART IV: Field and Laboratory Exercises 328
EXERCISE I. Symptoms and Signs 330
EXERCISE II. Collection and Identification of Powdery Mildews 331
EXERCISE III. Disease Sample Collection 332
EXERCISE IV. Isolations of Vascular Wilt Pathogens 335
EXERCISE V. Detection of Starch Reserves in Trees 338
EXERCISE VI. Koch's Postulates 340
EXERCISE VII. Extraction of Nematodes from Soil and Roots 341
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES1 341
BAERMANN FUNNEL 341
SUGAR FLOTATION 343
EXERCISE VIII. Observations of Mycorrhizae 345
EXERCISE IX. Development of Crown Gall 346
EXERCISE X. Appraisal of Shade Trees 347
EXERCISE XI. Detection of Hazard Trees 349
EXERCISE XII. Effects of Salt on Tree Seedlings 351
EXERCISE XIII. Detection of Discoloration and Decay in Wood 352
GLOSSARY 356
BIBLIOGRAPHY 362
INDEX 384