Behavioral Modeling and Predistortion of Wideband Wireless Transmitters

Fadhel M. Ghannouchi University of Calgary, Canada Oualid Hammi King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Mohamed Helaoui University of Calgary, Canada

Preface Chapter 1: Characterization of Wireless Transmitter Distortions 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 RF Power Amplifiers Nonlinearity 1.1.2 Inter-modulation Distortion and Spectrum Regrowth 1.2 Impact of the Distortions on Transmitter Performances 1.3 Output Power versus Input Power Characteristic 1.4 AM/AM and AM/PM Characteristics 1.5 1dB Compression Point 1.6 Third and Fifth Order Intercept Points 1.7 Carrier to Inter-Modulation Distortion Ratio 1.8 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio 1.9 Error Vector Magnitude References Chapter 2: Dynamic Nonlinear Systems 2.1 Classification of Nonlinear Systems 2.1.1 Memoryless Systems 2.1.2 Systems with Memory 2.2 Memory in Microwave Power Amplification Systems 2.2.1 Nonlinear Systems without Memory 2.2.2 Weakly nonlinear and Quasi-Memoryless Systems 2.2.3 Nonlinear System with Memory 2.3 Baseband and Low-Pass Equivalent Signals 2.4 Origins and Types of Memory Effects in Power Amplification Systems 2.4.1 Origins of Memory Effects 2.4.2 Electrical Memory Effects 2.4.3 Thermal Memory Effects 2.5 Volterra Series Models References Chapter 3: Model Performance Evaluation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Behavioral Modeling vs Digital Predistortion 3.3 Time Domain Metrics 3.3.1 Normalized Mean Square Error 3.3.2 Memory Effects Modeling Ratio 3.4 Frequency Domain Metrics 3.4.1 Frequency Domain Normalized Mean Square Error 3.4.2 Adjacent Channel Error Power Ratio 3.4.3 Weighted Error Spectrum Power Ratio 3.4.4 Normalized Absolute Mean Spectrum Error 3.5 Static Nonlinearity Cancellation Techniques 3.5.1 Static Nonlinearity Pre-Compensation Technique 3.5.2 Static Nonlinearity Post-Compensation Technique 3.5.3 Memory Effects Intensity 3.6 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 4: Quasi-Memoryless Behavior Models 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modeling and Simulation of Memoryless/Quasi-Memoryless Nonlinear Systems 4.3 Bandpass to Baseband Equivalent Transformation 4.4 Look-up Table Models 4.4.1 Non-uniform Indexed Look-up Tables 4.5 Empirical Analytical Based Models 4.5.1 Class AB Amplifier Behavior Model 4.6 Saleh Based Models 4.6.1 Polar Saleh Model 4.6.2 Cartesian Saleh Model 4.6.3 Frequency-dependent Saleh Model 4.6.4 Ghorbani Model 4.6.5 Berman & Mahle Phase Model 4.6.6 Thomas-Weidner-Durrani Amplitude Model 4.6.7 Limiter Model 4.6.8 ARCTAN Model 4.6.9 Rapp Model 4.6.10 White Model 4.7 Power Series Models 4.7.1 Polynomial Model 4.7.2 Bessel Function Based Model 4.7.3 Chebyshev Series Based Model 4.7.4 Gegenbauer Polynomials Based Model 4.7.5 Zernike Polynomials Based Model References Chapter 5: Memory Polynomial Based Models 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generic Memory Polynomial Model Formulation 5.3 Memory Polynomial Model 5.4 Variants of the Memory Polynomial Model 5.4.1 Orthogonal Memory Polynomial Model 5.4.2 Sparse-Delay Memory Polynomial Model 5.4.3 Exponentially Shaped Memory Delay Profile Memory Polynomial Model 5.4.4 Non-uniform Memory Polynomial Model 5.4.5 Unstructured Memory Polynomial Model 5.5 Envelope Memory Polynomial Model 5.6 Generalized Memory Polynomial Model 5.7 Hybrid Memory Polynomial Model 5.8 Dynamic Deviation Reduction Volterra Model 5.9 Comparison and Discussion References Chapter 6: Box-Oriented Models 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Hammerstein and Wiener Models 6.2.1 Wiener Model 6.2.2 Hammerstein Model 6.3 Augmented Hammerstein and Weiner Models 6.3.1 Augmented Wiener Model 6.3.2 Augmented Hammerstein Model 6.4 Three-Box Wiener-Hammerstein Models 6.4.1 Wiener-Hammerstein Model 6.4.2 Hammerstein-Wiener Model 6.4.3 Feed-Forward Hammerstein Model 6.5 Two-Box Polynomial Models 6.5.1 Models Description 6.5.2 Identification Procedure 6.6 Three-Box Polynomial Models 6.6.1 Parallel Three-blocks Model - Plume Model 6.6.2 Three layered biased memory polynomial Model 6.6.3 Rational Function Model for Amplifiers 6.7 Polynomial based Model with I/Q and DC impairments 6.7.1 Parallel Hammerstein (PH) based model for the alleviation of various imperfections in Direct Conversion transmitters 6.7.2 Two-Box Model with I/Q and DC Impairments References Chapter 7: Neural Network Based Models 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basics of Neural Networks 7.3 Neural Networks Architecture for Modeling of Complex Static Systems 7.3.1 Single-Input Single-Output Feedforward Neural Network (SISO-FFNN) 7.3.2 Dual-Input Dual-Output Feedforward Neural Network (DIDO-FFNN) 7.3.3 Dual-Input Dual-Output Coupled Cartesian based Neural Network (DIDO-CC-NN) 7.4 Neural Networks Architectures for Modeling of Complex Dynamic Systems 7.4.1 Complex Time-Delay Recurrent Neural Network (CTDRNN) 7.4.2 Complex Time-Delay Neural Network (CTDNN) 7.4.3 Real Valued Time-Delay Recurrent Neural Network (RVTDRNN) 7.4.4 Real Valued Time-Delay Neural Network (RVTDNN) 7.5 Training Algorithms 7.6 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Characterization and Identification Techniques 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Test Signals for Power Amplifiers and Transmitters Characterization 8.2.1 Characterization using Continuous Wave Signals 8.2.2 Characterization using Two-Tone Signals 8.2.3 Characterization using Multi-Tone Signals 8.2.4 Characterization using Modulated Signals 8.2.5 Characterization using Synthetic Modulated Signals 8.2.6 Discussion: Impact of Test Signal on the Measured AM/AM and AM/PM Characteristics 8.3 Data De-embedding in Modulated Signals Based Characterization 8.4 Identification Techniques 8.4.1 Moving average Techniques 8.4.2 Model Coefficient Extraction Techniques 8.5 Robustness of System Identification Algorithms 8.5.1 The LS Algorithm 8.5.2 The LMS Algorithm 8.5.3 The RLS Algorithm 8.6 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Baseband Digital Predistortion 9.1 The Predistortion Concept 9.2 Adaptive Digital Predistortion 9.2.1 Closed Loop Adaptive Digital Predistorters 9.2.2 Open Loop Adaptive Digital Predistorters 9.3 The Predistorter's Power Range in Indirect Learning Architectures 9.3.1 Constant Peak Power Technique 9.3.2 Constant Average Power Technique 9.3.3 Synergetic CFR and DPD Technique 9.4 Small Signal Gain Normalization 9.5 Digital Predistortion Implementations 9.5.1 Baseband Digital Predistortion 9.5.2 RF Digital Predistortion 9.6 The Bandwidth and Power Scalable Digital Predistortion Technique References Chapter 10: Advanced Modeling and Digital Predistortion 10.1 Joint Quadrature Impairment and Nonlinear Distortion Compensation 10.1.1 Modeling of Quadrature Modulator Imperfections 10.1.2 Dual-Input Polynomial Model for Memoryless Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions 10.1.3 Dual-Input Memory Polynomial for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions Including Memory Effects 10.1.4 Dual-Branch Parallel Hammerstein Model for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions with Memory 10.1.5 Dual-Conjugate-Input Memory Polynomial for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions Including Memory Effects 10.2 Modelling and Linearization of Nonlinear MIMO Systems 10.2.1 Impairments in MIMO Systems 10.2.2 Crossover Polynomial Model for MIMO Transmitters 10.2.3 Dual-Input Nonlinear Polynomial Model for MIMO Transmitters 10.2.4 MIMO Transmitters Nonlinear Multi-variable Polynomial Model 10.3 Modelling and Linearization of Dual Band Transmitters 10.3.1 Generalization of the Polynomial Model to Dual-Band Case 10.3.2 Two-Dimensional (2-D) Memory Polynomial Model for Dual-Band Transmitters 10.3.3 Phase-Aligned Multi-band Volterra DPD 10.4 Application of MIMO and Dual-band Models in Digital Predisortion 10.4.1 Linearization of MIMO Systems with Nonlinear Crosstalk 10.4.2 Linearization of Concurrent Dual-Band Transmitters using 2D Memory Polynomial Model 10.4.3 Linearization of Concurrent Tri-Band Transmitters using 3D Phase-Aligned Volterra Model 10.5 References Index