Power-to-Gas: Technology and Business Models (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Storage Options for Renewable Energy 10
References 14
2 The Power-to-Gas Concept 16
2.1 Efficiencies of Power-to-Gas Process Chains 18
2.2 Plants Sizes and Synergy Potentials 20
2.3 Similar Concepts 22
2.4 Integration in the Natural Gas Grid 23
References 25
3 Water Electrolysis 27
Abstract 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Historical Background 28
3.3 Thermodynamics of Water Electrolysis 29
3.4 Electrolyzer Efficiency 30
3.5 Alkaline Electrolyzers 32
3.5.1 Working and Design Principles 32
3.5.2 Operating Conditions, Performance and Capacities 34
3.5.3 Cell Components 34
3.5.4 Technology Status and Challenges 35
3.6 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis 37
3.6.1 Working and Design Principles 37
3.6.2 Operating Conditions, Performance and Capacities 38
3.6.3 Cell Components 38
3.6.4 Technology Status and Challenges 40
3.7 Solid Oxide Electrolyte Electrolysis 41
3.7.1 Working and Design Principles 41
3.7.2 Operating Conditions, Performance and Capacities 42
3.7.3 Cell Components 43
3.7.4 Technology Status and Challenges 44
3.8 Conclusion 45
References 46
4 Methanation 48
4.1 State of the Art of Methanation Processes 48
4.1.1 Chemical Fundamentals 48
4.1.2 Process Concepts and Stage of Development 49
4.1.3 Biological Process Routes 55
4.2 Methanation as Part of Power-to-Gas 58
4.2.1 Process Educts: Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide 60
4.2.2 Heat Integration 62
4.2.3 Development Trends and Current Research Activities 64
4.2.4 Actual Costs and Future Cost Development Potentials 66
References 67
5 Business Models 69
5.1 Macroeconomic and Systemic Impacts 69
5.1.1 Potential Solutions of Energy Storage: Power-to-Gas in the Context of Alternative Storage Systems 71
5.1.2 New Possibilities for Energy Transport Due to Power-to-Gas Plants 75
5.1.3 Power-to-Gas as Important Component in Constructing Hybrid Grids 78
5.2 Several Process Chains 80
5.2.1 Systemic Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen and Methane Process Chains 85
5.3 Business Models for Power-to-Gas-Systems 86
5.4 Legal Aspects 95
References 98