Biomaterials

1. Overview of Biomaterials.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Historical developments.- 1.3 Construction materials.- 1.4 Impact of biomaterials.- 1.5 Strength of biological tissues.- 1.6 Performance of implants.- 1.7 Tissue response to implants.- 1.8 Interfacial phenomena.- 1.9 Safety and efficacy testing.- 1.10 Summary.- 2. Structure and Properties of Materials.- 2.1 Atomic and molecular bonds.- 2.2 Crystal structure of solids.- 2.3 Phase changes.- 2.4 Crystal imperfections.- 2.5 Noncrystalline solids.- 2.6 Surface properties.- 2.7 Mechanical properties of materials.- 2.8 Thermal treatments.- 2.9 Surface improvements.- 2.10 Sterilization.- 2.11 Summary.- 3. Metals.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Stainless steels.- 3.3 Cobalt-Chromium alloys.- 3.4 Titanium based alloys.- 3.5 Nitinol.- 3.6 Other metals.- 3.7 Metallic corrosion.- 3.8 Biological tolerance of implant metals.- 3.9 Summary.- 4. Ceramics.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Carbons.- 4.3 Alumina.- 4.4 Yttria stabilized zirconia.- 4.5 Surface reactive ceramics.- 4.6 Resorbable ceramics.- 4.7 Composites.- 4.8 Analysis of ceramic surfaces.- 4.9 Summary.- 5. Synthetic Polymers.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Polymers in biomedical use.- 5.3 Polyethylene and polypropylene.- 5.4 Perfluorinated polymers.- 5.5 Acrylic polymers.- 5.6 Hydrogels.- 5.7 Polyurethanes.- 5.8 Polyamides.- 5.9 Biodegradable synthetic polymers.- 5.10 Silicone rubber.- 5.11 Plasma polymerization.- 5.12 Microorganisms in polymeric implants.- 5.13 Polymer sterilization.- 5.14 Summary.- 6. Biopolymers.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Collagens.- 6.3 Elastin.- 6.4 Mucopolysaccharides.- 6.5 Proteo glycans.- 6.6 Cellulose and derivatives.- 6.7 Chitin.- 6.8 Other polysaccharides.- 6.9 Summary.- 7. Tissues Grafts.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Blood.- 7.3 Tissue grafts and rejection processes.- 7.4 Skin.- 7.5 Skin grafts.- 7.6 Connective tissue grafts.- 7.7 Summary.- 8. Soft Tissue Applications.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Bulk space fillers.- 8.3 Maxillofacial implants.- 8.4 Fluid transfer implants.- 8.5 Functional load-carrying and supporting implants.- 8.6 Percutaneous devices.- 8.7 Biomaterials in urological practice.- 8.8 Microencapsulation of live animal cells.- 8.9 Summary.- 9. Cardiovascular Implants and Extracorporeal Devices.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2. Blood clotting.- 9.3 Blood rheology.- 9.4 Blood vessels.- 9.5 The heart.- 9.6 Aorta and valves.- 9.7 Geometry of blood circulation.- 9.8 The lungs.- 9.9 Vascular implants.- 9.10 Cardiac pacemakers.- 9.11 Blood substitutes.- 9.12 Kidney function.- 9.13 Water in human body.- 9.14 Extracorporeal blood circulation devices.- 9.15 Summary.- 10. Biomaterials in Ophthalmology.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Anatomy of eye.- 10.3. Viscoelastic solutions.- 10.4 Contact lenses.- 10.5 Optical implants.- 10.6 Drainage tubes in glaucoma.- 10.7 Scleral buckling materials for retinal detachment.- 10.8 Vitreous implants.- 10.9 Acrylate adhesives.- 10.10 Eye shields.- 10.11 Artificial tears.- 10.12 Summary.- 11. Orthopaedic Implants.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Bone composition and properties.- 11.3 Temporary fixation devices.- 11.4 Fracture healing by electrical and electromagnetic stimulation.- 11.5 Joint replacement.- 11.6 Knee joint repair.- 11. 7 Bone regeneration with resorbable material.- 11.8 Summary.- 12. Dental Materials.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Teeth composition and mechanical properties.- 12.3 Impression materials.- 12.4 Bases, liners and varnishes for cavities.- 12.5 Fillings and restorative materials.- 12.6 Materials for deep cavities.- 12.7 Metals in dentistry.- 12.8 Oral implants.- 12.9 Use of collagen in dentistry.- 12.10 Summary.- Exercises.