Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution

1 Introduction: Scope of the book.- 2 Structure of the respiratory system.- Upper respiratory system.- Lower respiratory system.- Gas-exchange area.- Cell types in the lung.- Nervous innervation.- Structural components.- Conclusion.- References.- 3 Physiology of the respiratory system.- Lung function.- Nasal function.- References.- 4 Properties and sources of common ambient air pollutants.- Sulfurous versus photochemical air pollutants.- Criteria air pollutants.- Carbon monoxide.- Sulfur dioxide.- Nitrogen dioxide.- Particulate matter.- Ozone.- Hazardous air pollutants.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Exposure assessment.- Biomarkers.- References.- 6 Inhalation exposure technologies.- References.- 7 Methods of assessment of pollutant-induced health effects.- Animal toxicology and in vitro systems.- Controlled human studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Biomarkers.- Polymorphisms.- Conclusion.- References.- 8 Asthma: A special case of susceptibility to air pollution.- Definition and diagnoses.- Natural history.- Atopy.- Morbidity and mortality rates.- Biomarkers of inflammation: Cells.- Biomarkers of inflammation: Mediators.- Diet and asthma.- Genetics of asthma.- Economic burden.- Fatal asthma.- References.- 9 Health effects of sulfur oxides: Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid.- Sulfur dioxide: controlled human exposure studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Sulfuric acid: Controlled studies.- Epidemiology.- Conclusion.- References.- 10 Health effects of particulate matter.- Deposition.- Clearance.- EPA NAAQS for PM.- Health effects of PM.- PM and cardiovascular disease.- Chronic effects.- Policy concerns and research needs.- Conclusion.- References.- 11 Health effects of ozone.- Upper airway effects.- Lower airway effects.- Epidemiological studies.- Future research needs.- References.- 12 Health effects of nitrogen dioxide.- Deposition/uptake.- Controlled human studies.- Upper airway effects.- Lower airway effects.- Pharmacologic/antioxidant interventions.- Infectivity.- Susceptible populations.- Epidemiology.- Conclusions.- References.- 13 Health effects of carbon monoxide.- Exposure assessment.- Health effects of CO.- Controlled studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Conclusion.- References.- 14 Health effects of the hazardous air pollutants.- Health effects of “air toxics”.- Controlled human studies.- Epidemiological studies.- References.- 15 Health effects of indoor air pollution.- Indoor air pollution sources.- Exposure assessments: man-made.- TEAM study.- Indoor/outdoor ratios.- Health effects of indoor pollutants:.- man-made.- Natural indoor air pollutants.- Control of natural indoor pollutants.- Sick Building Syndrome.- Conclusion.- References.- 16 Interactions between climate change and air pollution.- Climate change and human health.- Climate change, temperature, and air pollution.- Other possible consequences of climate change.- Conclusions.- References.- 17 Risk assessment for air pollutants.- Basic definitions.- Perception of risk.- Examples of risk assessments for air pollutants.- Risk management.- Risk communication.- Strengthening the foundation of risk assessment.- References.- 18 Standard setting for air pollutants.- Definition of an adverse effect.- Standard setting process of NAAQS.- Limitations of process for NAAQS.- NAAQS for PM: an example.- 19 Conclusions and future directions.