Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology

Michael C. Newman is a current professor of marine science at the College of William & Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science. His research interests include quantitative ecotoxicology, environmental statistics, risk assessment, population effects of contaminants, metal chemistry and effects, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification modeling. In addition to roughly 145 articles, he authored six books and edited another six on these topics. In 2004, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry awarded him its Founder’s Award, "the highest SETAC award, given to a person with an outstanding career who has made a clearly identifiable contribution in the environmental sciences."

Introduction


Historic Need for Ecotoxicology


Current Need for Ecotoxicology Expertise


Ecotoxicology


Ecotoxicology: A Synthetic Science


Summary


Suggested Readings


Major Classes of Contaminants


Introduction


Major Classes of Contaminants


Summary


Background Chemistry Concepts and Definitions


Suggested Readings


Uptake, Biotransformation, Detoxification, Elimination, and Accumulation


Introduction


Uptake


Biotransformation and Detoxification


Elimination


Accumulation


Summary


Suggested Readings


Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation


Introduction


Chemical Qualities Influencing Bioavailability


Biological Qualities Influencing Bioaccumulation


Summary


Suggested Readings


Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer


Introduction


Quantifying Bioaccumulation from Food


Inorganic Contaminants


Organic Compounds


Summary


Suggested Readings


Molecular Effects and Biomarkers


Introduction


Organic Compound Detoxification


Metallothioneins


Stress Proteins


Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response


DNA Modification


Enzyme Dysfunction and Substrate Pool Shifts


Summary


Suggested Readings


Cells, Tissues, and Organs


Introduction


General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology


Gene and Chromosome Damage


Cancer


Gills as an Example


Liver as an Example


Summary


Suggested Readings


Sublethal Effects to Individuals


General


Selyean Stress


Growth


Development


Reproduction


Physiology


Immunology


Behavior


Detecting Sublethal Effects


Summary


Suggested Readings


Acute and Chronic Lethal Effects to Individuals


General


Dose-Response


Survival Time


Factors Influencing Lethality


Summary


Suggested Readings


Effects on Populations


Overview


Epidemiology


Population Dynamics and Demography


Metapopulations


Population Genetics


Suggested Readings


Effects to Communities and Ecosystems


Overview


Interactions Involving Two or a Few Species


Community Qualities


Ecosystem Qualities


Summary


Suggested Readings


Landscape to Global Effects


General


Landscapes and Regions


Continents and Hemispheres


Biosphere


Summary


Suggested Readings


Risk Assessment of Contaminants


Overview


Human Risk Assessment


Ecological Risk Assessment


Radiation Risk Assessment


Conclusion


Suggested Readings


Conclusions


Overview


Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology


Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology


Appendices


Study Questions


Glossary


References