INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook

HANDBOOK EDITORS David D. Walden, ESEP, is co-owner and principal Consultant for Sysnovation, LLC, USA, which provides consulting and training in systems engineering throughout the world. Mr. Walden is Member of Tau Beta Pi, Senior Member of the IEEE, and an INCOSE ESEP. Garry J. Roedler, ESEP, is Fellow and the Engineering Outreach Program Manager for Lockheed Martin, USA. Mr. Roedler is an INCOSE Fellow and the recipient of the INCOSE Founders Award, the IEEE Golden Core, the Lockheed Martin Technical Leadership Award, and the Lockheed Martin NOVA Award. Kevin J. Forsberg, ESEP, is a recipient of the INCOSE Pioneer Award, an INCOSE Fellow, and a Fellow of ASME. Dr. Forsberg is co-owner and principal Consultant for OGR Systems, Inc., which provides consulting and training in systems engineering and project management worldwide. R. Douglas Hamelin is a Systems Engineering Specialist and Technical Writer for the Idaho National Laboratory. Mr. Hamelin is trained in requirements management, and contributes to a wide range of systems engineering applications as a functional analyst and document specialist. Thomas M. Shortell, CSEP, is a Senior Member of the engineering staff at Lockheed Martin. Mr. Shortell's experience spans requirements, architecture, integration, verification, and validation. He is a member of INCOSE and an INCOSE CSEP.

INCOSE Notices vii

History of Changes viii

Preface ix

List of Figures x

List of Tables xii

1 Systems Engineering Handbook Scope 1

1.1 Purpose 1

1.2 Application 1

1.3 Contents 1

1.4 Format 3

1.5 Definitions of Frequently Used Terms 4

2 Systems Engineering Overview 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Definitions and Concepts of a System 5

2.3 The Hierarchy within a System 7

2.4 Definition of Systems of Systems 8

2.5 Enabling Systems 10

2.6 Definition of Systems Engineering 11

2.7 Origins and Evolution of Systems Engineering 12

2.8 Use and Value of Systems Engineering 13

2.9 Systems Science and Systems Thinking 17

2.10 Systems Engineering Leadership 21

2.11 Systems Engineering Professional Development 22

3 Generic Life Cycle Stages 25

3.1 Introduction 25

3.2 Life Cycle Characteristics 26

3.3 Life Cycle Stages 27

3.4 Life Cycle Approaches 32

3.5 What Is Best for Your Organization, Project, or Team? 36

3.6 Introduction to Case Studies 39

4 Technical Processes 47

4.1 Business or Mission Analysis Process 49

4.2 Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition Process 52

4.3 System Requirements Definition Process 57

4.4 Architecture Definition Process 64

4.5 Design Definition Process 70

4.6 System Analysis Process 74

4.7 Implementation Process 77

4.8 Integration Process 79

4.9 Verification Process 83

4.10 Transition Process 88

4.11 Validation Process 89

4.12 Operation Process 95

4.13 Maintenance Process 97

4.14 Disposal Process 101

5 Technical Management Processes 104

5.1 Project Planning Process 104

5.2 Project Assessment and Control Process 108

5.3 Decision Management Process 110

5.4 Risk Management Process 114

5.5 Configuration Management Process 122

5.6 Information Management Process 128

5.7 Measurement Process 130

5.8 Quality Assurance Process 135

6 Agreement Processes 139

6.1 Acquisition Process 140

6.2 Supply Process 142

7 Organizational Project‐Enabling Processes 145

7.1 Life Cycle Model Management Process 145

7.2 Infrastructure Management Process 149

7.3 Portfolio Management Process 151

7.4 Human Resource Management Process 154

7.5 Quality Management Process 156

7.6 Knowledge Management Process 158

8 Tailoring process and Application of Systems Engineering 162

8.1 Tailoring Process 163

8.2 Tailoring for Specific Product Sector or Domain Application 165

8.3 Application of Systems Engineering for Product Line Management 170

8.4 Application of Systems Engineering for Services 171

8.5 Application of Systems Engineering for Enterprises 175

8.6 Application of Systems Engineering for Very Small and Micro Enterprises 179

9 Cross‐Cutting Systems Engineering Methods 180

9.1 Modeling and Simulation 180

9.2 Model‐Based Systems Engineering 189

9.3 Functions‐Based Systems Engineering Method 190

9.4 Object‐Oriented Systems Engineering Method 193

9.5 Prototyping 197

9.6 Interface Management 197

9.7 Integrated Product and Process Development 199

9.8 Lean Systems Engineering 203

9.9 Agile Systems Engineering 207

10 Specialty Engineering Activities 211

10.1 Affordability/Cost‐Effectiveness/ Life Cycle Cost Analysis 211

10.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility 219

10.3 Environmental Engineering/Impact Analysis 220

10.4 Interoperability Analysis 221

10.5 Logistics Engineering 222

10.6 Manufacturing and Producibility Analysis 225

10.7 Mass Properties Engineering 225

10.8 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability 226

10.9 Resilience Engineering 229

10.10 System Safety Engineering 231

10.11 System Security Engineering 234

10.12 Training Needs Analysis 237

10.13 Usability Analysis/Human Systems Integration 237

10.14 Value Engineering 241

Appendix A: References 246

Appendix B: Acronyms 257

Appendix C: Terms and Definitions 261

Appendix D: N2 Diagram of Systems Engineering Processes 267

Appendix E: Input/Output Descriptions 269

Appendix F: Acknowledgements 284

Appendix G: Comment Form 286

Index 287