Nomenclature

Symbol

A Area  [m2]

A Pre-exponential factor  [varies]

Ak Mole fraction  [–]

A, B Empirical coefficients in EDM  [–]

c Molar concentration  [mol/m3]

C Function, coefficient, constant  [–]

CD1, CD2 Empirical coefficients in EDC  [–]

cp Specific heat capacity  [J/kg-K]

d Diameter  [m]

D Coefficient  [–]

E Activation energy  [kJ/mol]

f Force  [N]

ΔH Heat of formation  [J/kg]

h Heat transfer coefficient  [W/m2-K]

I Radiation intensity  [W/m2-sr]

k Turbulent kinetic energy  [m2/s2]

K Constant  [–]

L Characteristic length  [m]

m, M Mass  [kg]

M Molecular weight  [kg/mol]

m Mass flow rate  [kg/s]

p, P Pressure  [Pa]

p Ratio  [–]

Q Thermal input  [W]

r Stoichiometric ratio  [–]

R Reaction rate  [kg/(m3 s)]

R Universal gas constant  8,314 kJ/(kmol K)

S Particle internal surface area  [m2]

S Source terms  [varies]

t Time  [s]

T Temperature  [K], [°C]

u, v Velocity components  [m/s]

u′,v′ Fluctuation of velocity  [m/s]

V Mass  [kg]

X Distance  [m]

Y Mass fraction  [–]

Greek Letters

α Absorptivity  [–]

γ Mass fraction  [–]

ε Emissivity  [–]

ε Effectiveness factor  [–]

ε Dissipation rate of turbulent energy  [m2/s3]

Φ Source term  [varies]

ϕ Ratio  [–]

Γ Diffusion coefficient  [kg/(m s)]

δ,Δ Difference operator  [–]

δ Particle pore diameter  [10−9 m]

η Dynamic viscosity  [kg/(m s)]

λ Excess air ratio  [–]

ν Kinematic viscosity  [m2/s]

ν Stoichiometric coefficient  [–]

ν Frequency  [1/s]

ρ Density  [kg/m3]

ρ Reaction-rate ratio in CPD model  [–]

τ Time constant  [s]

τ Tortuosity  [–]

τ Shear stresses  [kg/(s2 m)]

σ Model constants  [–]

σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant  5,669 W/(m2 k)

ω Reaction rate  [1/s]

Abbreviations

AFT Adiabatic Flame Temperature

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BFB Bubbling Fluidised Bed

BO Burnout

d.a.f. Dry Ash-Free

DIN Deutsches Institut fuer Normung

CBK Char Burnout Kinetics Model

CCS Carbon Capture and Storage

CCR Carbon Capture and Reuse

CDL Coal Devolatilisation Laboratory

CFB Circulating Fluidised Bed

CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

CPD Chemical Percolation Devolatilisation Model

CR Conversion Ratio

EDC Eddy Dissipation Concept

EDM Eddy Dissipation Model

ER External Recirculation

ESP Electrostatic Precipitators

EWBM Exponential Wideband Model

FB Fluidised Bed

FGD Flue Gas Desulphurisation

FG-DVC Functional Group, Depolymerisation, Vaporisation, and Cross-Linking

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GCV Gross Calorific Value

IGCC Integrated Gasification Combine Cycle

IPFR Isothermal Plug Flow Reactor

IRZ Internal Recirculation Zone

KIN Kinetics

LES Large Eddy Simulation

L-H Langmuir-Hinshelwood

max Maximum

min Minimum

Mtoe Million (Mega-) Tonnes of Oil Equivalent

NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

OFA Overfire Air

PFBC Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion

PFR Plug Flow Reactor

PM Primary Stream Momentum Ratio

ppm Parts Per Million

PS Primary Stream

RANS Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes

RFG Recirculated Flue Gas

R/P Reserves-to-Production

SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction

SK Steinkohle

SM Secondary Stream Momentum Ratio

SS Secondary Stream

TA Thermal Annealing

TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis

TS Tertiary Stream

VM Volatile Matter

Vol Volume

URANS Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes

WSGGM Weighted Sum of Grey Gases Model

wt Weight

WTA Wirbelschicht-Trocknung von Braunkohle mit interner Abwärmenutzung

Dimensionless Numbers

Nu Nusselt number

Re Reynolds number

Sh Sherwood number

Subscripts

ad Adsorption

ash Related to fuel ash

app, a Apparent

b...