Front Cover 1
Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
List of Contributors 12
Section 1 - OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CANCER 16
Chapter 1 - The Role of Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer 18
INTRODUCTION 19
OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A DRIVER OF BREAST CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION 19
OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSE AND ADAPTATION MECHANISMS IN BREAST CANCER 24
INTERESTING FINDINGS, LIMITATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 25
CONCLUDING REMARKS 26
SUMMARY POINTS 27
Acknowledgements 27
References 27
Chapter 2 - Oxidative Stress and Prostate Cancer 30
INTRODUCTION 30
CAUSES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PROSTATE CANCER 30
ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PATHOGENESIS OF PROSTATE CANCER 32
PROSTATE CANCER RISK FACTORS AND THEIR LINKS TO OXIDATIVE STRESS 34
CONCLUSIONS 35
SUMMARY POINTS 36
References 36
Chapter 3 - Oxidative Stress in Lung Cancer 38
INTRODUCTION 38
LUNG CANCER 39
ETIOLOGY OF LUNG CANCER 39
TOBACCO SMOKING AND OXIDANTS 40
SILICA AND OXIDANTS 40
ASBESTOS AND OXIDANTS 42
DOMESTIC COOKING AND OXIDANTS 42
ROLE OF OXIDANTS IN NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY 42
INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 42
OXIDATIVE STRESS LEADS TO DNA MUTATIONS AND LUNG CANCER 43
LIPID AND PROTEIN PEROXIDATION 44
OXIDANT/ANTIOXIDANT DISEQUILIBRIUM 44
ANTIOXIDANTS AND LUNG CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION 44
CONCLUSION 44
SUMMARY POINTS 44
References 45
Chapter 4 - Oxidative Stress and Stomach Cancer 48
INTRODUCTION 48
H. PYLORI AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 49
ETHANOL 50
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND ASPIRIN 50
ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY 51
REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES 51
REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES 52
ANTIOXIDANTS AND STOMACH CANCER 52
CONCLUSION 54
SUMMARY POINTS 54
References 54
Chapter 5 - The Role of Oxidative Stress in Ovarian Cancer: Implications for the Treatment of Patients 56
INTRODUCTION 56
OVARIAN BIOLOGY 57
COMMON OVARIAN CANCER MUTATIONS LINKED TO ROS 60
ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS IN THE OVARY 61
ANTIOXIDANT THERAPIES, OVARIAN CANCER 62
CONCLUSION 64
SUMMARY POINTS 64
References 64
Chapter 6 - Role of Oxidative Stress in Human Papillomavirus-Driven Cervical Carcinogenesis 66
INTRODUCTION 66
CERVICAL CANCER 67
HPV STRUCTURE 67
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CERVICAL CANCER 71
CONCLUDING REMARKS 74
SUMMARY POINTS 75
References 75
Chapter 7 - Inflammation and Oxidative DNA Damage: A Dangerous Synergistic Pathway to Cancer 78
INTRODUCTION 79
OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE 79
ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DNA DAMAGE LEADING TO CANCER 80
NONTARGETED EFFECTS, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DNA DAMAGE 85
RADIATION-INDUCED INFLAMMATION 87
CONCLUSION 88
SUMMARY POINTS 88
References 88
Section 2 - ANTIOXIDANTS AND CANCER 90
Chapter 8 - Molecular Approaches Toward Targeted Cancer Therapy with Some Food Plant Products: On the Role of Antioxidants 92
INTRODUCTION 92
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS): THE “RUSTING DISORDER” 94
OXIDATIVE STRESS: DEFINITION, SOURCES, AND CHEMISTRY IN GENERAL 94
CANCER: DEFINITION AND THE IMPACT OF FOOD AND FOOD HABITS 94
FINDING OUT THE CULPRIT: GENOME VERSUS OXIDATIVE STRESS 95
AIMS OF TARGETED CANCER THERAPY 95
CANCER THERAPEUTICS BY TARGETING ANTIOXIDATIVE MECHANISMS 95
ROS-RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR TARGETED CANCER THERAPY 99
CAROTENOIDS (BETA CAROTENE AND LYCOPENE) 101
GRAPES 102
GINGER 102
SPINACH 102
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 102
SUMMARY POINTS 102
References 103
Chapter 9 - Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Herbs and Spices in Cancer Prevention 106
INTRODUCTION 106
ANTIOXIDANTS IN DIET AND HUMAN HEALTH 106
DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS AS ANTIOXIDANTS 107
ANTIOXIDANT PHYTOCHEMICALS AND CANCER PREVENTION 107
TERPENOIDS AND CANCER PREVENTION 112
CHINESE HERBS AND CANCER PREVENTION 112
SUMMARY POINTS 114
References 114
Chapter 10 - The Indian Blackberry (Jamun), Antioxidant Capacity, and Cancer Protection 116
INTRODUCTION 116
EXTRACTION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF JAMUN PULP 117
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF JAMUN AND ITS COMPONENTS 119
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF INDIVIDUAL ANTHOCYANIDINS 121
JAMUN EXTRACTS INHIBIT OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE 122
ANTICANCER EFFECTS OF JAMUN BIOACTIVES 123
EFFICACY OF JAMUN IN PREVENTING ESTROGEN-MEDIATED MAMMARY TUMORIGENESIS 125
BIOAVAILABILITY OF BERRY BIOACTIVES 125
AVAILABILITY OF JAMUN AS FUNCTIONAL FOODS 126
CONCLUSION 126
SUMMARY POINTS 127
References 127
Chapter 11 - Preventive Effects of Broccoli Bioactives: Role on Oxidative Stress and Cancer Risk 130
INTRODUCTION 130
CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES INTAKE AND CANCER RISK 130
ANTIOXIDANTS AND OTHER BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN BROCCOLI 131
CANCER PREVENTIVE MECHANISMS OF ISOTHYOCIANATES AND INDOLES 133
MODULATION OF PHASE I AND PHASE II BIOTRANSFORMATION ENZYMES 133
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY 134
STIMULATION OF APOPTOSIS 134
REGULATION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR 135
EPIGENETIC REGULATION 135
OTHER MECHANISMS 135
ROLE OF BROCCOLI INTAKE ON MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CANCER RISK IN HUMAN INTERVENTION STUDIES: THE CASE OF SMOKERS 135
CLOSING REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS 139
SUMMARY POINTS 139
References 140
Chapter 12 - Resveratrol and Lycopene in the Diet and Cancer Prevention 142
INTRODUCTION 142
RESVERATROL 143
LYCOPENE 149
CONCLUSIONS 151
SUMMARY POINTS 152
References 152
Chapter 13 - Iron, Oxidative Stress, and Cancer 154
INTRODUCTION 154
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCES 154
IRON HOMEOSTASIS AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT: MECHANISTIC VIEWS 158
SUMMARY POINTS 162
References 162
Chapter 14 - Role of Black Chokeberries in Breast Cancer: a Focus on Antioxidant Activity 166
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BREAST CANCER 166
DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS AND THEIR ROLE IN CANCER 167
ACTIVITY OF BLACK CHOKEBERRIES IN BREAST CANCER 167
SUMMARY POINTS 170
References 170
Chapter 15 - Curcumin, Oxidative Stress, and Breast Cancer 174
INTRODUCTION 174
ESTROGENS (17.-ESTRADIOL) AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 174
OXIDATIVE STRESS 175
CURCUMIN AS AN ANTIOXIDANT 176
EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN ON LIPID PEROXIDATION 178
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY 180
SUMMARY POINTS 182
References 183
Chapter 16 - Antioxidant Vitamins and Genetic Polymorphisms in Breast Cancer 186
INTRODUCTION 186
EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS ON BREAST CANCER INCIDENCE 187
ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS AND GENOMIC INTEGRITY: DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEGENERATIVE CORRELATES 187
INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AND ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS ON BREAST CANCER RISK 191
References 196
Chapter 17 - Dietary Antioxidants in Prostate Cancer 198
INTRODUCTION 198
DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS 199
SUMMARY 204
REVIEW OF MAIN POINTS 204
References 204
Chapter 18 - Curcumin Analogs, Oxidative Stress, and Prostate Cancer 206
INTRODUCTION 206
PROSTATE CANCER AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 207
CURCUMIN, CURCUMINOIDS, AND CURCUMIN ANALOGS 208
THE POTENTIAL OF CURCUMIN, CURCUMINOIDS, AND CURCUMIN ANALOGS AS OXIDANT AGENTS IN PROSTATE CANCER 213
SUMMARY POINTS 216
References 216
Chapter 19 - Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Factors in Lung Cancer: Role of n-3 PUFAs 218
INTRODUCTION 218
GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING EPA AND DHA 219
CONCLUSIONS 222
SUMMARY POINTS 223
References 224
Chapter 20 - Antioxidative Stress Actions of Cocoa in Colonic Cancer 226
INTRODUCTION 226
CHEMOPREVENTIVE MECHANISM OF COCOA POLYPHENOLS IN CULTURED COLON CANCER CELLS 227
CHEMOPREVENTIVE MECHANISM OF COCOA IN AN IN VIVO MODEL OF COLON CANCER 232
HUMAN STUDIES 234
SUMMARY POINTS 235
References 235
Chapter 21 - Green Tea Polyphenols and Reduction of Oxidative Stress in Liver Cancer 238
INTRODUCTION 238
OXIDATIVE STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH HCCS 238
ANTITUMOR EFFECTS OF GTPS 242
COMBINED EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA AND ANTICANCER DRUGS 242
METABOLISM OF GTPS IN THE HUMAN BODY 242
PREVIOUS REPORTS OF GTPS AND HTLV-1-ASSOCIATED T-CELL LEUKEMIA (ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA) 242
CONTROVERSIAL RESULTS CONCERNING THE EFFICACY OF GTPS 242
SUMMARY POINTS 242
References 243
Chapter 22 - Quercetin’s Potential to Prevent and Inhibit Oxidative Stress-Induced Liver Cancer 246
INTRODUCTION 246
ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER CANCER 247
ANTIOXIDANTS AS THE OXIDATIVE STRESS SCAVENGER 250
SUMMARY POINTS 253
References 253
Chapter 23 - Capsaicin Mediated Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Cancer 256
INTRODUCTION 256
APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS 257
ROS AND ETC COMPLEX IN THE MITOCHONDRIA 257
THIOREDOXIN AND ASK-1 SIGNALING PATHWAY 259
SUPPRESSION OF PANCREATITIS BY CAPSAICIN 259
SUMMARY POINTS 260
References 260
Chapter 24 - Tocotrienols in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment and Prevention 262
INTRODUCTION 262
SOURCE OF TOCOTRIENOLS 262
USE OF TOCOTRIENOLS IN CANCER 263
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CANCER AND THE PREVENTIVE ROLE OF TOCOTRIENOLS 263
EFFECT OF TOCOTRIENOLS IN MEDIATING CELLULAR PATHWAYS 264
TOCOTRIENOLS IN PANCREATIC CANCER 264
IN VITRO DATA IN PANCREATIC CANCER 266
IN VIVO DATA IN PANCREATIC CANCER 267
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTION 268
SUMMARY POINTS 268
References 268
Chapter 25 - Fern Extract, Oxidative Stress, and Skin Cancer 270
INTRODUCTION 270
PHOTOPROTECTIVE AGENTS 271
MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF FERNBLOCK® 272
POTENTIAL USE OF FERNBLOCK® IN THE TREATMENT OF OTHER PATHOLOGICAL SKIN CONDITIONS 277
FERNBLOCK: A ROAD TO (PRESENT AND FUTURE) PHOTOPROTECTION 278
SUMMARY POINTS 278
References 278
Chapter 26 - Skin Cancer, Polyphenols, and Oxidative Stress 280
INTRODUCTION 280
OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND ASSOCIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS: FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY, THE ALTERATION, AND COUNTERACT... 280
ECM REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED GROWTH FACTORS: FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY, THE ALTERATION, AND COUNTERACTION BY POLYPHENOLS 282
CONCLUSION 283
SUMMARY POINTS 284
References 284
Chapter 27 - Pterostilbene Protection and Bladder Cancer Cells 286
INTRODUCTION 286
PTEROSTILBENE 287
PTEROSTILBENE AND BLADDER CANCER 291
SUMMARY POINTS 294
References 295
Index 298
Color Plates 310