Polyphenols in Plants (eBook)

Isolation, Purification and Extract Preparation

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2014 | 1. Auflage
360 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-398491-3 (ISBN)

Polyphenols in Plants assists plant scientists and dietary supplement producers in assessing polyphenol content and factors affecting their composition. It also aids in selecting sources and regulating environmental conditions affecting yield for more consistent and function dietary supplements.

Polyphenols play key roles in the growth, regulation and structure of plants and vary widely within different plants. Stress, growth conditions and plant species modify polyphenol structure and content. This book describes techniques to identify, isolate and characterize polyphenols, taking mammalian toxicology into account as well.

Defines conditions of growth affecting the polyphenol levels
Describes assay and instrumentation techniques critical to identifying and defining polyphenols, critical to researchers and business development
Documents how some polyphenols are dangerous to consume, important to dietary supplement industry, government regulators and lay public users

Polyphenols in Plants assists plant scientists and dietary supplement producers in assessing polyphenol content and factors affecting their composition. It also aids in selecting sources and regulating environmental conditions affecting yield for more consistent and function dietary supplements. Polyphenols play key roles in the growth, regulation and structure of plants and vary widely within different plants. Stress, growth conditions and plant species modify polyphenol structure and content. This book describes techniques to identify, isolate and characterize polyphenols, taking mammalian toxicology into account as well. Defines conditions of growth affecting the polyphenol levels Describes assay and instrumentation techniques critical to identifying and defining polyphenols, critical to researchers and business development Documents how some polyphenols are dangerous to consume, important to dietary supplement industry, government regulators and lay public users

Chapter 2

Plant Polyphenol Profiles as a Tool for Traceability and Valuable Support to Biodiversity

LauraSiracusaGiuseppeRuberto Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Catania, Italy

Abstract

The study of the secondary metabolite profile and in particular that of the polyphenolic metabolic pool, almost ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, represents an extraordinary tool for establishing traceability and typicalness of several raw plant materials, as well as of their processing products. The consciousness that this approach is intrinsically connected with plant biodiversity on one side, and the unceasing development of analytical-instrumental methodologies on the other side, allow us to achieve new implements to enhance old and new crops, and to obtain new insights for a better exploitation of food as a preventive and healthy tool. Polyphenol markers, belonging to different biomolecular metabolic components, are discussed for their taxonomic implications, for the origin and geographic discrimination, including the factors affecting their presence and amount, as well as their behavior in the post-harvest treatments, storage, and processing procedures.

Keywords

BiodiversityChemotaxonomyGeographic discriminationSecondary metabolismTraceabilityTypicalnessVarietal discrimination

Chapter Outline Head

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Traceability: definition, importance and state of the art in the area concerned

2.2.1 Definition

2.2.2 The importance of traceability for consumers and food/feed businesses

2.3 Traceability markers

2.3.1 Definition and features

2.3.2 Analytical methodologies commonly used for food and feed traceability

2.4 Polyphenols as traceability markers

2.4.1 Plant secondary metabolism and phenolics

2.4.2 Factors affecting the presence and amount of polyphenols in plants

2.5 Examples of the use of polyphenols as markers

2.5.1 General

2.5.2 Taxonomic classification

2.5.3 Origin and geographical discrimination

2.5.4 “From farm to fork:” post-harvest treatments, storage and processing

2.6 Concluding remarks

Introduction

The impressive and large chemical diversity expressed in the plant kingdom is due to the high capacity developed by plant genomes, namely the high diversity of genes able to codify many metabolic enzymes. This is confirmed by the studies to date on genome sequencing carried out on different plant species which have shown that plants possess more genes than other living organisms, such as mammals and bacteria. A result of this large biodiversity is represented by the more than 200,000 secondary metabolites isolated to date from plant species. Furthermore, given that only a small portion of over 400,000 worldwide plant species has been analyzed from a phytochemical point of view, the number of secondary metabolites is undoubtedly much higher (Yonekura-Sakakibara and Saito, 2009; Marcel et al., 2010). Metabolomics, defined as the exhaustive analysis of all metabolites of an organism, represents, in the post-genomics era, the last step of the other “omics” such as transcriptomics (mRNA) and proteomics (proteins). The last two are concerned with the genotype information of a living system, but metabolomics can also be considered to be intrinsically connected with the phenotype concept. In fact, most of the thousands of phytochemical studies performed in these last decades have shown, more or less directly, plant chemistry (the secondary metabolite profiles) is strictly connected with the relationship of the organism and its environment (Fukusaki and Kobayashi, 2005; Ivanišević et al., 2011).

From an experimental point of view today, it is practically impossible to carry out a complete metabolomics analysis of an organism, because the singular metabolites are too chemically different, in terms of polarity and molecular weight, and because of their large range of concentrations. No analytical instrument, despite being highly sophisticated, is able to perform a similar analytical approach. Paradoxically, transcriptomics and proteomics, notwithstanding, deal with much more complex chemical entities (mRNA, proteins), and show relatively “easier” experimental protocols owing to “less” chemical diversity. For these reasons one of the most adopted metabolomic studies concerns the analysis of the so-called metabolite profiling, namely the quantitative and qualitative characterization of related compounds or of a particular metabolic pattern. As previously mentioned, there are over 200,000 known plant metabolites: 25,000 are terpenoids, 12,000 are alkaloids, and 8000 are phenolics (Croteau et al., 2000). Phenolics, which together with the others can be considered ubiquitous in plants, comprise different chemical classes, namely flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, gallotannins, proanthocyanidins, stilbenoids, and lignans. Flavonoids, with over 4000 substances, are largely the most represented phenolic compounds (Harborne et al., 1999; Ignat et al., 2011), which in turn are classified as anthocyanins, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols, and flavanols (Tsao and Yang, 2003).

In recent years we have focused our phytochemical studies on Sicilian and Mediterranean flora. Wild plants and horticultural products represent our target, with the aim of exploiting the former as new crops, and valorizing the latter as healthy food for the human diet. The guideline for both aims is to certify a “geographical typicalness” for the aforementioned plant species, which can be achieved through the study and standardization of their metabolic profiles. Thus, the disclosure of the polyphenolic pattern may be recognized as one of the most powerful tools to reach this goal. Finally, one of the challenges of the post-genomic era is represented by the study of biodiversity in order to understand the biological diversity of organisms in different applied fields such as biomedicine, food, and environment. Furthermore, the protection of biodiversity is a major issue in the sustainable development of modern society. These studies are possible due to the enormous progress achieved in recent years by the next-generation technologies that offer opportunities unimaginable until now.

Traceability: definition, importance and state of the art in the area concerned

Definition

Global food safety policies have been stipulated by governmental authorities and a new series of regulations has been created and adopted all over the world, with particular incidence in the EU (European Union) and the USA, more as a consequence of several food crises such as dioxin contamination and BSE (bovine spongiform encephalophaty) rather than a natural development in consumers’ demands. The Codex Alimentarius Commission (1999) generally defined traceability as “the ability to trace the history, application, or location of an entity by means of recorded identifications”; in 2002, the European Commission (EC) gave a more detailed definition by stating that “it is the ability to trace and follow a food, a feed, food-producing animal of substance intended to be, or expected to be incorporated into a food or a feed, through all stages of production, processing and distribution.” This “one-step-up/one step down” approach has also been followed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) which gave its own definition of traceability in 2007. In addition to the general regulations, sector-specific legislation applies to certain categories of food products (fruit and vegetables, fish, honey, olive oil) so that consumers can identify their origin and authenticity.

The importance of traceability for consumers and food/feed businesses

The development of traceability tools and quality policies stem from producer and consumer concerns (Raspor, 2005). Food markets have become more globalized, with the result that consumers have become more concerned about the origin and safety of the food they eat and, at the same time more enthusiastic about high-quality food with a clear regional identity, despite several differences still existing internationally (Kehagia et al., 2007). The demand for quality products also benefits producers: tracing all components of food offered allows the minimization of food safety risks and an increased confidence in food products. In fact, traceability is not only a way to trace the origin of a certain food step by step, but also a tool for responding to potential risks that can arise in food and feed, to ensure that all food products are safe to eat (Du Plessis and du Rand, 2012; Kehagia et al., 2007). Both consumers and producers also benefit from the application of tools for certification based on international standards, such as the...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	17.1.2014
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe ► Diätassistenz / Ernährungsberatung
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
	Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Organische Chemie
	Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie
	Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
ISBN-10	0-12-398491-2 / 0123984912
ISBN-13	978-0-12-398491-3 / 9780123984913

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