Soundscape Ecology (eBook)

Preface1          Soundscape  & Landscape Ecologies1.1 Introduction1.2 A  Semantic Caveat: Sound, Sonic, Acoustic1.3 The Definition of Soundscape1.4 A Brief History of Soundscape Ecology: Origins and Perspectives1.5 The Disciplinary Contribution to the Soundscape Ecology1.6 The Three  Sources of the Sonic Environment            1.6.1 Geophonies            1.6.2 Biophonies            1.6.3 Anthrophonies1.7 Foreground and Background Sonic Environment1.8 Hi-Fi  &  Lo-Fi Soundscapes1.9 Landscape: Emerging Patterns and Dynamics1.10 Sonic Patterns in Soundscape Ecology1.10.1 Definition of Sonotope1.10.2 Definition of Soundtope1.10.3 Definition of Sonotone1.11 The Relationship between Landscape Structure and Soundscape Patterns1.12 The  Sonic Components of the  Environment and the General Theory of  Resources1.13 Definition of Sonic Eco-field1.14 Landscape Fragmentation  and Soundscape ProcessesReferences  2          The Sonic Characters of the Landscapes2.1 Introduction2.2 Weather Conditions and Sound propagation2.3 Climatic Patterns and Sounds2.4 Elevation and Song Complexity2.5 The Contribution of Vegetation Micro and Macro Structure to Sonic Environment2.6 Reverberation and Attenuation in Broadleaf and Pine Forests 2.7 Vibrations and Leaves2.8 Sound Propagation at Forest Edges 2.9 The Jungle Soundscape2.10 The Sound of FireReferences  3          Bioacoustic Theories3.1 Introduction3.2 The Morphological Adaptation Hypothesis (MAH)3.3 The Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis (AAH)3.4 The Acoustic Niche Hypothesis (ANH)3.5 The Species Recognition Hypothesis (SRH)References 4          Communication Theories4.1 Introduction4.2 The Communication Theory4.3 Eavesdropping and the Interspecific Communication4.4 Echolocation: a Special Case of Communication4.5 Heterospecific and Conspecific Attraction4.6 Male-Female Song Recognition4.7 Sound Degradation and Ranging  Hypothesis4.8 Distress Calls4.9 Soundscape Orientation and Spatial Source Segregation4.10 Ecological  Codes4.11 How to Improve Signaling  4.12 The Honesty  of  Acoustical Signals4.13 Dialects as a Divergent Communication4.14 Acoustic Partitioning in Birds and Frogs4.15 Communication in Steep Soil4.16 Signaling Systems and Climatic Proxies4.17 Song and Reproductive Timing4.18 Acoustic Cues and Antipredatory Performance4.19 Soft Song4.20 The Bioacoustics Interactions between Plants and   InsectsReferences 5          The Human Dimension of the Soundscape: from Individuals to Society5.1 Introduction5.2 Psychological  Approach  to  the Soundscape Interpretation5.3 Noise Sensitivity5.4 Noise Annoyance: Definition  and  Evaluation  Procedures5.5 A Soundscape Semantic5.6 Elements of Psychoacoustics5.7 Noise Pollution: a Growing Problem for Human Societies5.8 Noise Consequences on  Human Physiology and Health5.9 The Characters of the Urban Soundscape5.10 The Sonic Environment of the Urban Parks5.11 Pleasant Sounds, Sound Pressure Level and Acoustic Comfort5.12 The Value of Soundmarks in Urban Landscape5.13 The Interactions between Visual  and Acoustic Stimuli5.14 Quiet Areas as Solution to Decrease People Annoyance5.15 The Aesthetic Component of Soundscape Interpretation5.16 ConclusionsReferences  6          Sonic Patterns I:  The Noise 6.1 Introduction6.2 A  Definition of Noise6.3 Characteristics of the Anthropogenic Noise6.4 Active Space and Noise6.5 The Noise Context6.6 Noise in Patchy Sonotopes6.7 Noise Pattern as a Source of Environmental Pollution6.8 The Effects of Noise on Vocal Animals6.9 Masking Effect on Animal Life6.10 Underwater Sound Sources6.11 Marine Sound Signature6.12 Acoustic Masking in Freshwater Ecosystems6.13 Acoustic Masking in Marine Ecosystems6.14 Ship and Boat Traffic on Marine Wildlife6.15 Effect of Traffic Noise on Wildlife6.16 Noise as Signal in Marine Environments6.17 Noise from a Multi-Source Environment6.18 Oil Spill, Noise and Effects on Animals6.19 Wind Turbines and Noise6.20 Military Noise6.21 A Psychoacoustic Approach to the Noise6.22 Noise from Urban Soundscapes6.23 A Historical Perspective of Urban Noise6.24 The  Cognitive Component  in Noise Evaluation6.25 Effect of  Noise on Humans and Societies Health6.26 Urban Soundscape Design for Biodiversity6.27 Perspectives in Noise ResearchReferences 7          Sonic Patterns II: The Choruses7.1 Introduction7.2 The Chorus Hypotheses7.3 Choruses in Amphibians7.4 Cooperative versus Competitive  Hypothesis in Amphibian Choruses 7.5 Choruses in Birds7.6 Reproduction Mechanisms and ChorusesReferences  8          Sonic Patterns III: Sounds and Vibrations from Soils8.1  Introduction8.2 Seismic Signals from Reptiles8.3 Seismic Signals from Mammals8.4 Seismic Signals from Arthropods8.5 Soil Pests, Sound Detection and Biodiversity AssessmentReferences  9          Methods9.1 Introduction9.2 Basic Elements of Acoustics9.2.1 The Sound9.2.2 The Decibel 9.3 Digital Representation of Sound9.4 Time Domain and Frequency Domain  of Sound9.5 The Spectrogram9.6 Field Recording Procedures9.7 Metrics in Soundscape Ecology9.7.1 Sound Pressure Measurements9.7.2 Spectral Analysis9.8 Pattern Recognition of Vocalizations 9.9 Functional Diversity Indices9.10 Software Tools for Soundscape Analysis9.11 Browsing  the Audio Data Base9.12 Methods to Evaluate/Rating the Quality of the Sonic Ambient9.13 Method of Soundwalking9.14 Soundscape Customer Satisfaction9.15 The  Assessment of the Human-Perceived SoundscapeReferences  10        Applications10.1 Introduction10.2 Threats to Animal Communication10.3 Acoustic Monitoring10.4 A Sonic Observatory10.5 Mapping Quiet Areas10.6 Valuing Noises in Recreation Areas10.7 Managing Sonic Context in Natural Areas10.8 Soundscape Protection in National Parks            10.9 Perceived Crowding in Natural Parks10.10 Snowmobile Noise in National Parks10.11 Aircraft Noise in National Parks 10.12 Valuing Sonic Heritage10.13 Some Characters of the Urban Sonic Environment10.14 Urban Noise Management10.15 Traffic Noise Mitigation Procedures and Urban Spaces10.16 Design the Soundscape of Urban Spaces and Parks10.17 SonificationReferencesIndex