Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials (eBook)

Ghenadii Korotcenkov has more than 40 years experience as a teacher and scientific researcher. He received his Ph.D. in Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Materials and Devices in 1976, and his Habilitate Degree (Dr. Sci.) in Physics and Mathematics of Semiconductors and Dielectrics in 1990. For many years, he led the scientific Gas Sensor Group and managed various national and international scientific and engineering projects carried out in the Laboratory of Micro- and Optoelectronics, Technical University of Moldova. Since 2008, Korotcenkov has been a research Professor in Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea. Korotcenkov’s research results are well-known in the study of Schottky barriers, MOS structures, native oxides, and photoreceivers on the base of III-Vs compounds. His current research interests include material sciences and surface science, focused on metal oxides and solid state gas sensor design. Korotcenkov is the author or editor of sixteen books and special issues, twelve invited review papers, nineteen book chapters, and more than 190 peerreviewed articles. He is a holder of 18 patents. Recently, his articles had more than 250 cites per annum. His research activities have been honored by Award of the Supreme Council of Science and Advanced Technology of the Republic of Moldova (2004), The Prize of the Presidents of Ukrainian, Belarus and Moldovan Academies of Sciences (2003), Senior Research Excellence Award of Technical University of Moldova (2001; 2003; 2005), Fellowship from International Research Exchange Board (1998), National Youth Prize of the Republic of Moldova (1980), among others.has more than 40 years experience as a teacher and scientific researcher. He received his Ph.D. in Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Materials and Devices in 1976, and his Habilitate Degree (Dr. Sci.) in Physics and Mathematics of Semiconductors and Dielectrics in 1990. For many years, he led the scientific Gas Sensor Group and managed various national and international scientific and engineering projects carried out in the Laboratory of Micro- and Optoelectronics, Technical University of Moldova. Since 2008, Korotcenkov has been a research Professor in Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea. Korotcenkov’s research results are well-known in the study of Schottky barriers, MOS structures, native oxides, and photoreceivers on the base of III-Vs compounds. His current research interests include material sciences and surface science, focused on metal oxides and solid state gas sensor design. Korotcenkov is the author or editor of sixteen books and special issues, twelve invited review papers, nineteen book chapters, and more than 190 peerreviewed articles. He is a holder of 18 patents. Recently, his articles had more than 250 cites per annum. His research activities have been honored by Award of the Supreme Council of Science and Advanced Technology of the Republic of Moldova (2004), The Prize of the Presidents of Ukrainian, Belarus and Moldovan Academies of Sciences (2003), Senior Research Excellence Award of Technical University of Moldova (2001; 2003; 2005), Fellowship from International Research Exchange Board (1998), National Youth Prize of the Republic of Moldova (1980), among others.

Vol. 1. Conventional Approaches
Table of contents
Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Gas sensors and their role in industry, agriculture, medicine and environment control
2. Gas sensors classification
3. Requirements to gas sensors
4. Comparative analysis of gas sensors
5. Materials acceptable for gas sensor applications
References

Part 1. Conventional Gas Sensing Materials

Chapter 2: Metal oxides
1. General view
2. Which metal oxides are better for solid state electrochemical gas sensors?
3. Metal oxides with ionic conductivity: Solid electrolytes
3.1. Criterions for metal oxides application in solid electrolyte-based gas sensors
3.2. High temperature oxygen sensors
3.3. Solid electrolyte-based hydrogen sensors
3.4. Other gases
3.5. Limitations of solid electrolytes application in gas sensors
4. Semiconducting metal oxides
4.1. Metal oxides for chemiresistors
4.1.1. Binary metal oxides
4.1.2. Complex and mixed metal oxides
4.1.3. Metal oxide comparison and selection
4.2. Metal oxide p-n homojunction and heterostructures
4.3. High temperature oxygen sensors based on semiconducting metal oxides
5. Metal oxides for room temperature gas sensors
6. Other applications of metal oxides
6.1. Pyroelectric-based gas sensors
6.2. Thermoelectric-based sensors
6.3. Chemochromic materials for hydrogen sensors
References

Chapter 3: Polymers
1. General view
2. Polymer-based gas sensors
3. Mechanisms of conductivity change in polymer-based gas sensors
4. Ion conducting polymers and their using in electrochemical sensors
3. Limitations of polymer using in gas sensors
4. Choosing a polymer for gas sensor applications
References

Chapter 4: Thin metal films
1. Thin metal films in gas sensors
2. Disadvantages of sensors and approaches to sensor’s parameters improvement
References

Chapter 5: Semiconductors in gas sensors
1. Silicon-based gas sensors
2. III-V-based gas sensors
3. Wide-band-gap semiconductors
4. Porous semiconductors (porous silicon)
5. Other semiconductor materials
5.1. Thermoelectric materials
5.2. II-VI semiconductor compounds
5.3. Semiconductor glasses
5.3.1. Chalcogenide glasses
5.3.2. Other glasses
5.4. Tellurium
References

Chapter 6: Solid electrolytes for detecting specific gases
1. General view on electrochemical gas sensors
2. Ideal solid electrolytes
3. H2 sensors
4. CO2 sensors
5. NOx sensors
6. SOx sensors
7. Cross sensitivity of solid electrolyte-based gas sensors and limitations
8. Oxygen and other sensors based on fluoride ion conductors
References

Part 2: Auxiliary Materials

Chapter 7: Materials for sensor platforms and packaging
1. Conventional platforms
2. Micromachining hotplates
3. Flexible platforms
4. Cantilever-based platforms
4.1. Silicon-based microcantilevers
4.2. Polymer-based microcantilevers
5. Paper-based gas sensors
6. Material requirements for packaging of gas sensors
References

Chapter 8: Materials for thick film technology
References

Chapter 9: Electrodes and heaters in MOX-based gas sensors
1. Materials for electrodes in conductometric gas sensors
1.1. Electrode influence on gas sensor response
1.2. Electrode materials preferable for gas sensor applications
2. Electrodes for solid electrolyte-based gas sensors
2.1. The role of electrode configuration in solid electrolyte-based gas sensors
2.2. Sensing electrodes in solid electrolyte-based gas sensors
3. Materials for heater fabrication
References

Chapter 10: Surface modifiers for metal oxides in conductometric gas sensors
1. General consideration
2. Sensitization mechanisms
3. Bimetallic catalysts
4. Approaches to noble metal cluster forming
References

Chapter 11: Catalysts used in calorimetric (combustion-type) gas sensors
References

Chapter 12: Filters in gas sensors
1. Passive filters
2. Catalytically active filters
3. Sorbents for gas preconcentrators
References

Part 3: Materials for specific gas sensors

Chapter 13: Materials for piezoelectric-based gas sensors
1. Piezoelectric materials
2. SAW devices
2.1. Materials for interdigital transducers
3. High temperature devices
4. Miniaturization of piezoelectric sensors
5. Sensing layers
5.1. General requirements
5.2. Features of sensing materials used in acoustic wave gas sensors
References

Chapter 14: Materials for optical, fiber optic and integrated optical sensors
1. General view on optical gas sensing
2. Fibers for optical gas sensors
3. Planar waveguide and integrated optical sensors
4. Light sources for optical gas sensors
5. Detectors for optical gas sensors
6. Other elements of optical gas sensors
References

Chapter 15: Materials for electrochemical gas sensor with liquid and polymer electrolytes
1. Membranes
2. Electrolytes
3. Electrodes
4. Gas diffusion electrodes
References

Chapter 16: Materials for capacitance-based gas sensors
1. General discussions
2. Polymer based capacitance gas sensors
3. Other materials
References

Chapter 17: Sensing layers in work function type gas sensors
1. Work function type gas sensors
2. Materials tested by KP
2.1. Metallic layers
2.2. Inorganic layers
2.3. Organic layers
References

Chapter 18: Humidity-Sensitive Materials
1. Humidity sensors
2. Materials acceptable for application in humidity sensors
2.1. Polymers
2.2. Metal oxide ceramics
2.3. Porous semiconductors (silicon and other)
2.4. Other materials and approaches
References

Chapter 19: Materials for field ionization gas sensors
References

Chapter 20: Gas sensors based on thin film transistors
1. Thin film transistors
2. Gas sensing characteristics of organic thin film transistors
3. Metal oxide-based thin film transistors
4. Other materials in thin film transistor-based gas sensors
References
Vol. 2. New Trends in Materials and Technologies
Table of contents
Preface
Part 1: Nanostructured Gas Sensing Materials

Chapter 1: Carbon-based nanostructures
1. Carbon black
2. Fullerenes
3. Carbon nanotubes
4. Graphene
5. Nanodiamond particles
References

Chapter 2: Nanofibers
1. Approaches to nanofibers preparing
2. Nanofiber-based gas sensors
References

Chapter 3: Metal oxide-based nanostructures
1. Metal oxide one-dimensional nanomaterials
1.1. 1-D structures in gas sensors
1.2. The role of 1-D structures in understanding of gas sensing effect
1.3. What kind of 1-D structures is better for gas sensor design?
2. Mesoporous, macroporous and hierarchical metal oxide structures
References

Chapter 4: Metal-based nanostructures
1. Metal nanoparticles
1.1. Properties
1.2. Synthesis
1.3. Gas sensor applications
2. Metal nanowires
References

Chapter 5: Semiconductor nanostructures
1. Quantum dots
1.1. General consideration
1.2. Gas sensor applications of quantum dots
2. Semiconductor nanowires
2.1. Synthesis of semiconductor nanowires
2.1. Gas sensing properties of Si nanowires
References


Part 2: Other trends in design of gas sensor materials

Chapter 6: Photonic crystals
1. Photonic crystals in gas sensors
2. Problems in the sensing application of PhCs
2.1. Problems on the fabrication of photonic crystal
2.2. Problems on the coupling losses
2.3. Problems on the signal detection
References

Chapter 7: Ionic liquids in gas sensors
References

Chapter 8: Silicate-based mesoporous materials
1. Mesoporous silicas
1.1. Gas sensor applications of mesoporous silicas
2. Aluminosilicates (zeolites)
2.1. Zeolites-based gas sensors
References

Chapter 9: Cavitands
1. Cavitands: Characterization
2. Cavitands as a material for gas sensors
References

Chapter 10: Metallo-complexes
1. Gas sensor applications of metallo-complexes
2. Approaches to improvement of gas sensor parameters and limitations
References

Chapter 11: Metal-organic frameworks
1. General consideration
2. MOFs synthesis
3. Gas sensor applications
References

Part 3: Nanocomposites

Chapter 12: Nanocomposites in gas sensors: Promising approach to gas sensor optimization
References

Chapter 13: Polymer based nanocomposites
1. Conductometric gas sensors based on polymer composites
2. Problems related to application of polymer-based composites in gas sensors
References

Chapter 14: Metal oxide-based nanocomposites for conductometric gas sensors
1 Metal-metal oxide composites
2. Metal oxide-metal oxide composites
References

Chapter 15: Composites for optical sensors
1. Dye-based composites
1.1. Sol-gel composites
1.2. Polymer-based composites
2. Metal oxide-based nanocomposites
References

Chapter 16: Nanocomposites in electrochemical sensors
1. Solid electrolyte-based electrochemical sensors
2. Electrochemical sensors with liquid electrolyte
2.1. Polymer-modified electrodes
2.2. Carbon-ceramic electrodes
References

Chapter 17: Disadvantages of nanocomposites for application in gas sensors
References


Part 4: Stability of Gas Sensing Materials and Related Processes


Chapter 18: The role of temporal and thermal stability in sensing material selection
References

Chapter 19: Factors controlling stability of polymers acceptable for gas sensor application
1. Polymer degradation
1.1. Thermal degradation
1.2. Oxidative degradation
1.2.1. Photochemical oxidation
1.2.2. Thermal oxidation
1.3. Hydrolytic degradation
1.4. Conducting polymers dedoping
2. Approaches to polymer stabilization
References

Chapter 20: Instability of metal oxide parameters and approaches to their stabilization
1. The role of structural transformation of metal oxides in instability of gas sensing characteristics
2. The role of phase transformations in gas sensor instability
3. Approaches to improvement of metal oxide structure stability
References

Chapter 21: Instability of 1-D nanostructures
1. Stability of metal and semiconductor 1-D nanowires and nanotubes
2. Stability of carbon-based nanotubes and nanofibers
References

Chapter 20: Temporal stability of porous silicon
1. Porous silicon aging
2. Temporal stabilization of porous silicon through oxidation
References


Part 5: Structure and Surface Modification of Gas Sensing Materials

Chapter 23: Bulk doping of metal oxides
1. General approach
2. Bulk doping influence on response and stability of gas sensing characteristics
References

Chapter 24: Bulk and structure modification of polymers
1. Modifiers of polymer structure
1.1. Solvents (porogens)
1.2. Cross-linkers
1.3. Initiators
1.4. Plasticizers
2. Approaches to functionalizing of polymer surface
2.1. Polymer doping
2.2. Polymer grafting
2.3. The role of polymer functionalization in gas sensing effect
References

Chapter 25: Surface functionalizing of carbon-based gas sensing materials
1. Surface functionalizing of carbon nanotubes and other carbon-based nanomaterials
2. The role of defects in graphene functionalizing
References

Chapter 26: Structure and surface modification of porous silicon
1. Structure and morphology control of porous silicon
2. Surface modification of porous semiconductors to improve gas-sensing characteristics
References

Part 6: Technology and Sensing Material Selection

Chapter 27: Technological limitations in sensing material applications
References

Chapter 28: Technologies suitable for gas sensor fabrication
1. Ceramic technology
2. Planar sensors
3. Thick film technology
3.1. General description
3.2. Powder technology
3.2.1. Sol-gel process
3.2.2. Gas-phase synthesis
3.3. Advantages and disadvantages of thick film technology
4. Thin film technology
5. Polymer technology
5.1. Methods of polymer synthesis
5.2. Fabrication of polymer films
6.1. Specifics of film deposition on fibers
6.2. Coating design and tooling
References


Chapter 29: Outlooks: Sensing material selection guide
References

Acknowledges