Engineering of Human Joint Replacements (eBook)

Professor Joseph McGeough, Edinburgh University, UK Joseph McGeough is Regius Professor of Engineering Emeritus in the School of Engineering and Electronics at the University of Edinburgh. He assumed this role in 1983, having previously worked in Newcastle-upon-Tyne for the International Research and Development Company Ltd. which is now part of the Rolls Royce Group. He is a fellow of the IMechE and IEE, guest editor of the Journal of Materials Processing Technology, editor of the proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Production Engineering (CAPE), and has authored 3 books: Principles of Electrochemical Machining, Advanced Methods of Machining, and Micromachining of Engineering Materials (Editor). Recent research has been in the areas of non-traditional cutting, orthopaedic engineering, electrochemical machining and intelligent flooring.

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

References 5

2 Basic Anatomy 7

2.1 Terminology 7

2.2 Human Skeleton 8

2.3 Joints 10

2.4 Cartilage 10

2.5 Protein and Collagen 11

2.6 Human Bone 14

References 22

3 Anatomy of Joints 25

3.1 Shoulder 25

3.2 Elbow 29

3.3 Wrist 34

3.4 Finger 38

3.5 Hip 38

3.6 Knee 43

3.7 Ankle 49

3.8 Foot 52

3.9 Toe 52

3.10 Degradation of Joints 54

References 56

4 Methods of Inspection for Joint Replacements 59

4.1 Introduction 59

4.2 Gait Analysis 60

4.3 X-ray 61

4.4 Tomography and Computed Tomography (CT) 64

4.5 Radionuclide Scanning 66

4.6 Ultrasonography 66

4.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 67

References 69

5 Materials in Human Joint Replacement 71

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 Alloy Metals 71

5.3 Ceramics 79

5.4 Polymers 83

5.5 Joint Replacement Materials in Service 91

5.6 Nanomaterials 95

References 98

6 Methods of Manufacture of Joint Replacements 103

6.1 Introduction 103

6.2 Surface Finish 104

6.3 Tolerance 106

6.4 Wear and Friction 106

6.5 Machining 106

6.6 Forging 112

6.7 Casting 114

6.8 Manufacture of Polymer Parts 119

6.9 Surface Treatment 121

6.10 Surface Finishing of Implants 125

6.11 Manufacture of Joint Replacements 127

References 128

7 Computer-Aided Engineering in Joint Replacements 131

7.1 Introduction 131

7.2 Reverse Engineering 132

7.3 Solid Modelling 133

7.4 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 137

7.5 Rapid Prototyping (RP) in Joint Replacement Manufacture 141

7.6 Computer-Aided Manufacture 145

7.7 Navigation 150

7.8 Robotics 153

References 162

8 Joint Replacement 167

8.1 Introduction 167

8.2 Shoulder 171

8.3 Elbow 175

8.4 Wrist 178

8.5 Fingers 180

8.6 Hip 183

8.7 Knee 191

8.8 Ankle 200

8.9 Foot and Toe 203

References 206

Index