Multi-dimensional Imaging

Bahram Javidi, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, USA Bahram Javidi is Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor at University of Connecticut, USA. Prof. Javidi has been recognized by 9 best journal and conference paper awards, and several major awards from professional societies and foundations. Dr. Javidi has been named Fellow of eight National and International professional scientific societies, including IEEE; AIMBE; OSA; SPIE and IS&T. He has edited/ co-edited 10 books and 54 book chapters, and has published over 320 technical articles in major peer reviewed journals. He has also published over 370 conference proceedings, including more than 120 plenary addresses, keynote addresses, and invited conference papers. Some of his journal papers are among the 10 most cited in their topic according to the ISI Web of Science database. His papers have been cited 7,300 times according to the citation index of WEB of Science (h index=46). Enrique Tajahuerce, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, University Jaume I, Spain   Dr. Tajahuerce is currently an Associate Professor at the School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, University Jaume I, Spain. Pedro Andrés, Diffractive Optics Group, University of Valencia, Spain Prof. Andres was Head of the Optics Department in the University of Valencia from 1998 to 2006. As visiting researcher, he spent several periods at various European and American laboratories. Prof. Andres has co-authored over 100 peer-reviewed papers, in diffractive optics, confocal scanning microscopy, microstructured optical fibers, temporal optics, and ultrafast optics. He has delivered more than 90 invited and contributed papers in international conferences. Prof. Andrés is a Fellow of the OSA and is a member of the Board of Directors of the European Optical Society.

About the Editors xv

List of Contributors xvii

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxiii

Part I MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

1 Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography 3
Yasuhiro Awatsuji

1.1 Chapter Overview 3

1.2 Introduction 3

1.3 Digital Holography and Phase-Shifting Digital Holography 4

1.4 Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography 6

1.5 Experimental Demonstration of Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography 8

1.6 High-Speed Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography System 12

1.7 Single-Shot Femtosecond-Pulsed Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography System 14

1.8 Portable Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography System 17

1.9 Functional Extension of Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography 17

1.10 Prospects and Conclusion 20

2 Imaging and Display of Human Size Scenes by Long Wavelength Digital Holography 25
Massimiliano Locatelli, Eugenio Pugliese, Melania Paturzo, Vittorio Bianco, Andrea Finizio, Anna Pelagotti, Pasquale Poggi, Lisa Miccio, Riccardo Meucci and Pietro Ferraro

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Digital Holography Principles 25

2.3 Infrared Digital Holography 33

2.4 Latest Achievements in IRDH 34

2.5 Conclusion 46

3 Digital Hologram Processing in On-Axis Holography 51
Corinne Fournier, Loïc Denis, Mozhdeh Seifi and Thierry Fournel

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Model of Hologram Image Formation 52

3.3 DH Reconstruction Based on Back Propagation 56

3.4 Hologram Reconstruction Formulated as an Inverse Problem 57

3.5 Estimation of Accuracy 64

3.6 Fast Processing Algorithms 65

3.7 Conclusion 69

4 Multi-dimensional Imaging by Compressive Digital Holography 75
Yair Rivenson, Adrian Stern, Joseph Rosen, and Bahram Javidi

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Compressive Sensing Preliminaries 76

4.3 Conditions for Accurate Reconstruction of Compressive Digital Holographic Sensing 79

4.4 Applications of Compressive Digital Holographic Sensing 84

4.5 Conclusion 96

5 Dispersion Compensation in Holograms Reconstructed by Femtosecond Light Pulses 101
Omel Mendoza-Yero, Jorge Pérez-Vizcaíno, Lluís Martínez-León, Gladys Mínguez-Vega, Vicent Climent, Jesús Lancis and Pedro Andrés

5.1 Introduction 101

5.2 Fundamental Features of the DCM 102

5.3 Holographic Applications of the DCM with Ultrafast Light Pulses 115

5.4 Conclusion 122

Part II BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS AND MICROSCOPY

6 Advanced Digital Holographic Microscopy for Life Science Applications 129
Frank Dubois, Ahmed El Mallahi, Christophe Minetti and Catherine Yourassowsky

6.1 Introduction 129

6.2 DHM Configurations 130

6.3 Automated 3D Holographic Analysis 135

6.4 Applications 139

6.5 Conclusion 148

7 Programmable Microscopy 153
Tobias Haist, Malte Hasler, Wolfang Osten and Michal Baranek

7.1 Introduction 153

7.2 Optical Design Considerations and Some Typical Setups 154

7.3 Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator 158

7.4 Aberration Correction 160

7.5 Phase Contrast Imaging 163

7.6 Stereo Microscopy 168

7.7 Conclusion 169

8 Holographic Three-Dimensional Measurement of an Optically Trapped Nanoparticle 175
Yoshio Hayasaki

8.1 Introduction 175

8.2 Experimental Setup 177

8.3 Experimental Results of 3D Position Measurement of Nanoparticles 182

8.4 Twilight Field Technique for Holographic Position Detection of Nanoparticles 188

8.5 Conclusion 191

9 Digital Holographic Microscopy: A New Imaging Technique to Quantitatively Explore Cell Dynamics with Nanometer Sensitivity 197
Pierre Marquet and Christian Depeursinge

9.1 Chapter Overview 197

9.2 Introduction 198

9.3 Holographic Techniques 200

9.4 Cell Imaging with Digital Holographic Quantitative Phase Microscopy 206

9.5 Future Issues 213

10 Super Resolved Holographic Configurations 225
Amihai Meiri, Eran Gur, Javier Garcia, Vicente Micó, Bahram Javidi and Zeev Zalevsky

10.1 Introduction 225

10.2 Digital Holography 226

10.3 Metal Nanoparticles 227

10.4 Resolution Enhancement in Digital Holography 229

10.5 Field of View Enhancement in Digital Holography 231

10.6 Eliminating the DC Term and the Twin Images 233

10.7 Additional Applications 235

Part III MULTI-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING AND DISPLAY

11 Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging and Display 243
Manuel Martínez-Corral, Adrián Dorado, Anabel LLavador, Genaro Saavedra and Bahram Javidi

11.1 Introduction 243

11.2 Basic Theory 245

11.3 The Plenoptic Function 246

11.4 Methods for the Capture of the Plenoptic Field 249

11.5 Walking in Plenoptic Space 255

11.6 Reconstruction of Intensity Distribution in Different Depth Planes 257

11.7 Implementation of the Integral Imaging Display Device 261

11.8 Conclusion 262

12 Image Formats of Various 3-D Displays 267
Jung-Young Son, Chun-Hea Lee, Wook-Ho Son, Min-Chul Park and Bahram Javidi

12.1 Chapter Overview 267

12.2 Introduction 268

12.3 Multiplexing Schemes 269

12.4 Image Formats for 3-D Imaging 271

13 Ray-based and Wavefront-based 3D Representations for Holographic Displays 303
Masahiro Yamaguchi and Koki Wakunami

13.1 Introduction 303

13.2 Ray-based and Wavefront-based 3D Displays 303

13.3 Conversion between Ray-based and Wavefront 3D Representations 307

13.4 Hologram Printer Based on a Full-Parallax Holographic Stereogram 308

13.5 Computational Holography Using a Ray-Sampling Plane 310

13.6 Occlusion Culling for Computational Holography Using the Ray-Sampling Plane 313

13.7 Scanning Vertical Camera Array for Computational Holography 315

13.8 Conclusion and Future Issues 323

14 Rigorous Diffraction Theory for 360 Computer-Generated Holograms 327
Toyohiko Yatagai, Yusuke Sando and Boaz Jessie Jackin

14.1 Introduction 327

14.2 Three-Dimensional Object and Its Diffracted Wavefront 328

14.3 Point-Spread Function Approach for Spherical Holography 333

14.4 Rigorous Point-Spread Function Approach 336

14.5 Conclusion 346

Part IV SPECTRAL AND POLARIMETRIC IMAGING

15 High-Speed 3D Spectral Imaging with Stimulated Raman Scattering 351
Yasuyuki Ozeki and Kazuyoshi Itoh

15.1 Introduction 351

15.2 Principles and Advantages of SRS Microscopy 352

15.3 Spectral Imaging with SRS 358

15.4 High-Speed Spectral Imaging 360

15.5 Summary 367

16 Spectropolarimetric Imaging Techniques with Compressive Sensing 371
Fernando Soldevila, Esther Irles, Vicente Durán, Pere Clemente, Mercedes Fernández-Alonso, Enrique Tajahuerce and Jesús Lancis

16.1 Chapter Overview 371

16.2 Single-Pixel Imaging and Compressive Sensing 372

16.3 Single-Pixel Polarimetric Imaging 373

16.4 Single-Pixel Multispectral Imaging 377

16.5 Single-Pixel Spectropolarimetric Imaging 382

16.6 Conclusion 388

17 Passive Polarimetric Imaging 391
Daniel A. LeMaster and Michael T. Eismann

17.1 Introduction 391

17.2 Representations of Polarized Light 392

17.3 Polarized Reflection and Emission 397

17.4 Atmospheric Contributions to Polarimetric Signatures 404

17.5 Data Reduction Matrix Analysis of Modulated Polarimeters 411

17.6 Fourier Domain Analysis of Modulated Polarimeters 417

17.7 Radiometric and Polarimetric Calibration 421

17.8 Polarimetric Target Detection 424

Index 429