Pediatric Orthopedics

1. The Orthopedic Examination.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Children Are Different.- 1.3. The General Physical Examination.- 1.4. The Orthopedic Examination.- 2. Evaluation of the Child with Extremity Pain or Limp.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Presentation.- 2.3. The History.- 2.4. The Physical Examination.- 2.5. Extremity Pain without Systemic Symptoms.- 2.6. Extremity Pain with Modest Systemic Symptoms.- 2.7. Extremity Pain with Significant Systemic Symptoms.- 2.8. Diagnosis.- 2.9. Therapy.- 3. Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Child Abuse.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Epidemiology.- 3.3. Risk Factors.- 3.4. The Physician’s Role.- 3.5. Patterns of Injury.- 3.6. Bony Lesions Specific to Child Abuse.- 3.7. Injuries Suggestive of Child Abuse.- 3.8. Nonspecific Injuries.- 3.9. Asking Questions.- 3.10. Differential Diagnosis.- 3.11. Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Fractures.- 4. Developmental Orthopedics.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Intoeing.- 4.3. Outtoeing.- 4.4. Bowleg.- 4.5. Back Knees.- 4.6. Knock-Knees (Genu Valgum).- 4.7. Flat Feet.- 4.8. Cavus Foot Deformities.- 4.9. Leg Length Discrepancies.- 4.10. Toe-Walking.- 4.11. Bunions.- 4.12. Children’s Shoes.- 5. Caring for the Child with Motor Delay.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Specific Causes of Motor Delays.- 5.3. Assessment of the Child with Motor Problems.- 5.4. Treatment of the Child with Motor Delay.- 6. Congenital and Related Defects of the Skeleton.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Causal Mechanisms.- 6.3. Specific Defects.- 7. Abnormalities of Skeletal Growth.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Measuring.- 7.3. Short Stature.- 7.4. The Tall Child.- 8. Sports Injuries in Children.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Epidemiology.- 8.3. General Guidelines for Acute Care of the Injured Athlete.- 8.4. Sports Injuries to the Foot, Ankle, or Leg.-8.5. Sports Injuries to the Knee, Thigh, or Hip.- 8.6. Sports Injuries to the Spine.- 8.7. Sports Injuries to the Shoulder, Arm, or Elbow.- 8.8. Sports Injuries to the Forearm, Wrist, or Hand.- 9. Spinal Disease in Childhood.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Physical Examination.- 9.3. Spinal Deformities.- 9.4. Painful Lesions.- 9.5. Other Spinal Conditions.- 10. Musculoskeletal Trauma.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Common Pediatric Musculoskeletal Injuries.- 10.3. Birth Trauma.- 11. Evaluating the Child with Arthritis and Other Joint Problems.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Presentation.- 11.3. Differential Diagnosis.- 11.4. Laboratory Evaluation.- 11.5. Treatment.