Diagnostic Ultrasound

1. Basic Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound.- Sound Wave Characteristics.- Generation of Sound Waves.- The Interaction of Sound with Tissue.- Instrumentation.- Practical Considerations.- References.- Cases.- 2. Hepatic Ultrasonography.- Hepatic Ultrasound Technique.- Normal Ultrasonographic Anatomy of the Liver.- Hepatic Pathology.- References.- Cases.- 3. Ultrasonography of the Gallbladder and Biliary System.- Ultrasound Technique.- Normal Anatomy.- Pathological States.- References.- Cases.- 4. Ultrasonography of the Pancreas.- Normal Anatomy.- Ultrasound Technique for Pancreatic Examination.- Examination of the Normal Pancreas.- Pathology of the Pancreas.- Pitfalls in Pancreatic Examination.- References.- Cases.- 5. Ultrasonography of the Abdominal Aorta.- Ultrasound Technique.- Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta.- Pathology of the Abdominal Aorta.- A Comparison of Ultrasound with Other Methods of Examination.- References.- Cases.- 6. Ultrasonography of the Spleen.- Examination Technique.- Examination of the Normal Spleen.- Pathological Conditions.- References.- Cases.- 7. Renal, Adrenal, Retroperitoneal, and Scrotal Ultrasonography.- Renal Anatomy.- Renal Scanning Techniques.- General Signs of Renal Disease.- Indications for Renal Ultrasound Examination.- Renal Pathology.- Renal Transplants.- Anatomic Considerations of the Adrenal Glands.- Adrenal Scanning Techniques.- Adrenal Pathology.- Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Adrenal Disease.- Anatomic Considerations of the Retroperitoneum.- Retroperitoneal Scanning Techniques.- Signs of Retroperitoneal Disease.- Indications for Retroperitoneal Sonography.- Retroperitoneal Pathology.- Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Disease.- Anatomic Considerations of the Scrotum.- Scrotal Scanning Techniques.- Signs of Scrotal Disease.- Indications for Ultrasonography of the Scrotum.- Pathology of the Scrotum.- Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Testicular Disease.- References.- Cases.- 8. Ultrasonography of the General Abdomen: Peritoneal Cavity, Bowel and Mesentery, and Abdominal Wall.- Technique.- Anatomy of the General Abdomen.- Pathology of the Abdominal Wall.- Fluid Collections in the Peritoneal Cavity.- Ascites and its Associated Effects on Bowel, Mesentery, and Liver.- Localized Peritoneal Abnormalities.- Bowel and Mesentery Pathology.- References.- Cases.- 9. Ultrasonography of Thyroid and Neck Masses.- Anatomy fo the Thyroid Gland.- Examination Technique.- Pathology of the Thyroid Gland and Neck.- References.- Cases.- 10. Ultrasonography of the Lower Extremity.- Examination Technique and Normal Anatomy.- Pathological Entities.- Conclusion.- References.- Cases.- 11. Pelvic Ultrasonography.- Examination Techniques.- Normal Pelvic Anatomy.- Pathology of the Pelvis.- References.- Cases.- 12. Obstetrical Ultrasonography.- Technique for Examination.- Gestational Age.- Normal Gestational Sac.- Abnormal Gestational Sac.- Normal Placental Findings.- Abnormal Placental Findings.- Maternal Uterine Size Larger than Expected for Dates.- Ectopic Pregnancy.- Incompetent Cervix.- Fetal Death.- Normal Fetal Anatomy.- Abnormal Fetal Anatomy.- Amniocentesis.- Real-time Ultrasonography.- References.- Cases.