Application of Nanotechnology in Water Research

Ajay Kumar Mishra is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He also holds the position of Adjunct Professor at Jiangsu University, China. He is a group leader of research areas for composites/nanocomposites, water research, bio-inorganic chemistry, and nanochemistry.

Preface xix

Part 1: General 1

1 Nanotechnology and Water: Ethical and Regulatory Considerations 3
Jillian Gardner and Ames Dhai

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Ethics and Nanotechnology  4

1.3 Legal and Regulatory Issues and Concerns Related to the Application of Nanotechnology in the Water Sector 14

1.4 Nanotechnology, Water and Human Health Research 17

1.5 Conclusion 18

References 19

2 Nanoparticles Released into Water Systems from Nanoproducts and Structural Nanocomposites Applications 21
James Njuguna, Laura Gendre and Sophia Sachse

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Case Study on Polyurethane/Organically-Modified Montmorillonite  (PU/OMMT)  Nanofoam Nanoparticles in Water Suspension 23

2.3 Methodology 25

2.4 Results and Discussion 27

2.5 Conclusion 32

Acknowledgement 33

References 33

Part 2: Remediation 37

3 Prospects for Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on Carbon Nanotubes for Biosorption: Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Polluted Water 39
E. Fosso-Kankeu, A.F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi and A.K. Mishra

3.1 Dispersion of Metal Pollutants in Water Sources 40

3.2 Removal of Metal by Conventional Methods 41

3.3 Microbial Sorbents for Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Water 42

3.4 Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on CNTs 50

3.5 Conclusion 54

References 54

4 Plasma Technology: A New Remediation for Water Purification with or without Nanoparticles 63
Pankaj Attri, Bharti Arora, Rohit Bhatia, P. Venkatesu and Eun Ha Choi

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Water Purification Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) 64

4.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plasma and Its Application towards Water Purification 65

4.4 Application of Plasma for Water Purification 67

4.5 Combined Action of Nanoparticles and Plasma for Water Purification 73

4.6 Conclusion 74

References 75

5 Polysaccharide-Based Nanosorbents in Water Remediation 79
R.B. Shrivastava, P. Singh, J. Bajpai and A.K. Bajpai

5.1 Introduction 80

5.2 Water Pollution 81

5.3 Hazardous Effects of Toxic Metal Ions 85

5.4 Technologies for Water Remediation 87

5.5 Shortcomings of the Technologies Used for Water Remediation 89

5.6 Nanotechnology 90

5.7 Polysaccharides 95

5.8 Advantages of Using Polysaccharides for Removal of Toxic Metal Ions 104

5.9 Brief Review of the Work Done 106

References 107

Part 3: Membranes & Carbon Nanotubes 115

6 The Use of Carbonaceous Nanomembrane Filter for Organic Waste Removal 117
Farheen Khan, Rizwan Wahab, Mohd. Rashid, Asif Khan, Asma Khatoon, Javed Musarrat and Abdulaziz A.Al-Khedhairy

6.1 Introduction 118

6.2 Organic Wastes and Organic Pollutant 120

6.3 Low-Cost Adsorbents 123

6.4 Heavy Metals 124

6.5 Composite Materials 127

6.6 Carbonaceous Materials 128

6.7 Experimental 132

6.8 Nanomaterials 136

6.9 Summary and Future Directions 139

References 139

7 Carbon Nanotubes in the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution 153
M.A. Mamo and A.K. Mishra

7.1 Introduction 153

7.2 Synthesis of CNTs 155

7.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 155

7.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions on Carbon Nanotubes 160

7.5 Competitive Adsorption 165

7.6 Summary and Conclusion 168

References 168

8 Application of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites and Carbon Nanotube-Semiconductor Hybrids in Water Treatment 183
G. Mamba, X.Y. Mbianda and A.K. Mishra

8.1 Introduction 183

8.2 Classification of Dyes 184

8.3 Conventional Treatment Technologies for Textile Effluent 190

8.4 Conclusion 220

Acknowledgements 221

References 222

9 Advances in Nanotechnologies for Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Water Purification 229
Sabelo Dalton Mhlanga and Edward Ndumiso Nxumalo

9.1 Introduction 230

9.2 Nanotechnology-Enabled POU/POE Systems for Drinking Water Treatment 233

9.3 Absorptive Nanocomposites Polymers Based on Cyclodextrins 235

9.4 Nanotechnology-Based Membrane Filtration 244

9.5 Ceramic-Based Filters and Nanofibers 254

9.6 Challenges and Opportunities 259

References 262

Part 4: Nanomaterials 269

10 Mesoporous Materials as Potential Absorbents for Water Purification 271
Ephraim Vunain and Reinout Meijboom

10.1 Introduction 271

10.2 Generalized Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials 272

10.3 Common Method of Synthesizing Silicate Mesoporous Molecular Sieves 276

10.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 280

10.5 Conclusions 282

References 283

11 Removal of Fluoride from Potable Water Using Smart  Nanomaterial as Adsorbent 285
Dinesh Kumar and Vaishali Tomar

11.1 Introduction 286

11.2 Technologies for Defluoridation 289

11.3 Conclusions 303

Acknowledgement 303

References 303

12 Chemical Nanosensors for Monitoring Environmental Pollution 309
Sadanand Pandey and Shivani B Mishra

12.1 Introduction 309

12.2 Conclusion 325

12.3 Challenges and Future Prospect 326

Acknowledgements 327

References 327

13 Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol as a Model Reaction for Nanocatalysis 333
Jihyang Noh and Reinout Meijboom

13.1 Introduction 333

13.2 Kinetic Evaluation and Mechanism of 4-NP Reduction 337

13.3 Effect of Various Conditions 360

13.4 Synthetic Methods of Metal Nanocomposites and Their 4-NP Catalysis 364

13.5 Conclusion 395

References 395

Part 5: Water Treatment 407

14 Doped Diamond Electrodes for Water Treatment 409
Qingyi Shao, Guangwen Wang, Cairu Shao, Juan Zhang and Shejun Hu

14.1 Introduction 410

14.2 Calculation Method 414

14.3 Calculation Results and Discussions 416

14.4 Conclusions 428

References 430

15 Multifunctional Silver, Copper and Zero Valent Iron Metallic Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment 435
S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel, S. Malathi, S. Balasubramanian, M. Sivakumar and T. Anitha Sironmani

15.1 Introduction 436

15.2 Metal Nanoparticles and Microbial Inactivation 437

15.3 Metal Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal and Dye Removal 441

15.4 Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoparticles – Ag, Cu and ZVI 443

15.5 Mechanism of Action 445

15.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends 448

Acknowledgement 448

References 448

16 Iron Oxide Materials for Photo-Fenton Conversion of Water Pollutants 459
S.A.C. Carabineiro, A.M.T. Silva, C.G. Silva, R.A. Segundo, P.B. Tavares, N. Bogdanchikova, J.L. Figueiredo and J.L. Faria

16.1 Introduction 460

16.2 Experimental 461

16.3 Results and Discussion 463

16.4 Conclusions 471

Acknowledgments 472

References 472

17 Nanomaterials with Uniform Composition in Wastewater Treatment and Their Applications 475
Farheen Khan and Rizwan Wahab

17.1 Introduction 476

17.2 Experimental 488

17.3 Effects of Pollutants on Health and the Environment 490

17.4 Summary and Future Directions 499

References 500

Index 513