Geographical Information and Climatology (eBook)

Pierre Carrega is Professor at Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France.

Preface vii

Chapter 1. Basics of Climatological and Meteorological
Observations for GIS Applications 1

Wolfgang SCHOENER

1.1. Data measurements and observations in climatology 2

1.2. Data quality control and data homogenization in climatology
12

1.3. Metadata: documenting quality and usability 20

1.4. Future perspectives 25

1.5. Bibliography 26

Chapter 2. Spatial Analysis, Cartography and Climate
29

Daniel JOLY

2.1. Introduction 29

2.2. Geographic information necessary for interpolation 32

2.3. The main interpolation methods 36

2.4. Geographic information used in statistical interpolations:
advantages and disadvantages 42

2.5. Conclusion 67

2.6. Bibliography 69

Chapter 3. Geographical Information, Remote Sensing and
Climatology 73

Vincent DUBREUIL

3.1. Introduction 73

3.2. The development phases of meteorological satellites 74

3.3. Examples of how geostationary data are used in Brazil
85

3.4. Examples of NOAA-AVHRR data used in Western France 92

3.5. Conclusion 99

3.6. Acknowledgements 100

3.7. Bibliography 100

Chapter 4. Geographical Information for the Initialization of
Numerical Weather Forecast Models and Climate Modeling
103

Pierre BESSEMOULIN

4.1. Introduction 103

4.2. Brief description of the climate system 103

4.3. Brief overview of numerical weather forecast models 107

4.4. Role and description of the Earth's surface 111

4.5. Description of surface parameters used in a forecast model
119

4.6. Bibliography 123

Chapter 5. Assessing and Modeling the Urban Climate in Lisbon
125

Maria João ALCOFORADO

5.1. Introduction 125

5.2. Historical evolution of urban climate studies 126

5.3. Spatial scales 127

5.4. Climatic modifications induced by settlements 128

5.5. Urban climate monitoring methods 130

5.6. Modeling 134

5.7. Modeling Lisbon's urban climate at the mesoscale
135

5.8. Modeling Lisbon's urban climate at the microscale
(Telheiras city-district) 144

5.9. Conclusion 152

5.10. Acknowledgements 153

5.11. Bibliography 154

Chapter 6. Geographical Information, Climate and Atmospheric
Pollution 159

Isabelle ROUSSEL

6.1. Introduction 159

6.2. Peak pollution periods and alerts: pollution and climate
paroxysm 161

6.3. LAURE and territory age 171

6.4. The geography of science and action 180

6.5. Conclusion 190

6.6. Bibliography 191

Chapter 7. Geographical Information and Climatology for
Hydrology 195

Jean-Pierre LABORDE

7.1. Hydrological problems of today's society
195

7.2. Pluviometry: a spatially continuous piece of geographical
information 200

7.3. The problems associated with recording rainfall and average
spatial rainfall 218

7.4. Conclusion 228

7.5. Bibliography 229

Chapter 8. Geographical Information, Climatology and Forest
Fires 233

Pierre CARREGA

8.1. Forest fires: associated risks and individual components
233

8.2. The influence that different climate and weather factors
have on forest fires: the indexes 238

8.3. Using geographic information to work out the meteorological
risks associated with forest fires 246

8.4. Conclusion

List of Authors 271

Index 273