Applications of Advanced Electromagnetics (eBook)

Title 1
Preface 4
Acknowledgements 6
Contents 7
Abbreviations 14
Basic Electromagnetics 16
Scalars, Vectors, and Fields 16
Electric Field 19
Magnetic Field 19
Dynamic Theory of the EM Field 20
Time-harmonic EM Field Equations 21
Wave Equations 23
Plane TEM Wave 24
Ray Representation of TEM Wave in Open Space 27
Nonlinear Electromagnetism 28
Macro Electromagnetism of Nonlinear Medium 28
Dynamics of Charged Particles and Dipolar Molecules in EM Field 30
Charged Particle in EM Field 31
Dipolar Molecules in EM Field 39
Boundary Value Problems of Electromagnetism 46
Boundary Conditions for the Electric and Magnetic Fields 46
Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions 47
Boundary Value Problems 49
Energy Conservation Law 50
Reflection of TEM Waves from the Boundary of Two Magnetodielectrics 52
References 61
Theory of Waveguides 65
Analytical Treatment of Waveguides 65
Separation of the Variables Method 67
Field Series Expansion Method 70
Transverse Resonance Method and Analytical Treatment of Waveguides 71
Analytical Models of TEM Transmission Lines 75
Modeling of Quasi-TEM Modes of Transmission Lines 78
Numerical Methods Used in the Waveguide Theory 88
Finite Difference and Transmission Line Matrix Methods 88
Integral Equations for Waveguides and Their Numerical Treatment 90
Variational Functionals for Waveguides 100
References 102
Waveguide Discontinuities and Components 108
A More Detailed Theory of Regular Waveguides for the Discontinuity Treatment 108
Equivalent Transmission Line Approach and Microwave Networks 111
EM Computational Methods for Waveguide Discontinuities 114
Mode Matching Method to Calculate the Waveguide Junctions 114
Integral Equation Method for Waveguide Joints 116
Stationary Functionals and Equivalent Circuits of Discontinuities 121
Microstrip Discontinuities and Their Parallel-plate Models 123
Full-wave FDTD, TLM, FEM, and Integral Equation Treatment of Discontinuities 128
References 130
Geometro-topological Approaches to the EM Problems 132
Topological Approach to the Theory of Boundary Value Problems 134
Visualization and Topological Analysis of the EM Field Maps 135
Field Maps of Harmonic Fields and Their Topological Analysis 135
Maxwell Relationships of Topological Schemesof the Electric and Magnetic Harmonic Fields 141
Boundary Conditions and the Field-force Lines 145
Applications of the Topological Technique to the EM Boundary Value Problems 146
Applications of the Topological Approach for the Modeling of Microwave Components 164
Topological Analysis of the Time-dependent EM Field 185
Topological Theory of the EM Field with the Differential Forms 188
Topological Electromagnetism of Open-space Radiated Field 190
References 192
Technologies for Microwave and High-speed Electronics 199
RF Printed Circuit Boards 199
Microwave Hybrid ICs 201
Ceramic Thick-film Technologies 202
Microwave Three-dimensional Hybrid Integrated Circuits 204
Gallium Arsenide Monolithic Integrated Circuit Technology 209
Silicon Technologies for RF and Microwaves 210
Micromachining Technologies 215
RF Nanointegrations 217
Packaging of Microwave and Millimeter-wave Microchips 218
Packages for Millimeter-wave Integrations 218
Interconnecting of Chips 220
Motherbords and Materials 222
On the Evolution of Microwave and Millimeter-wave Electronics 225
References 226
Transmission Lines and Their EM Models for the Extended Frequency Bandwidth Applications 233
Microstrip Lines 233
Thin-film Microstrip Lines 233
Superstrated Thin-film Microstrip Line 241
Two-layer Substrate Microstrip Transmission Line 242
Si-microstrip Transmission Lines Shielded by Impedance Layers 247
Three-dimensional Modifications of Microstrip Line 249
Multilayered CPW for Monolithic Applications 258
Quasistatic Model of Generalized CPW for Monolithic ICs 258
Elevated CPWs for Increased Frequencies 264
Coplanar Strip Line 267
Three-dimensional Modifications of CPW 269
Micromachined Rectangular-coaxial and Rectangular Waveguides 277
Substrate Integrated Waveguides (SIW) 282
Review on the SIWs, Simulation Methods and Main Results 282
Modeling of Differential SIW 286
EM Model of Fenced Strip Line 291
Comparative Analysis of Integrated Transmission Lines 293
Interconnects for Optoelectronics 295
Optical Interconnects 295
Plasmon-polariton Interconnects and Components 296
On the EM Theory of Plasmon-polariton Interconnects and Components 301
Prospective Interconnects 302
References 304
Inter-component Transitions for Ultra-bandwidth Integrations 318
Planar Line Transitions 320
Quasi-planar Transitions 322
CPW-microstrip Transitions 322
Microstrip-CPS Transitions 324
CPW-CPS Transitions 325
Interlayer Transitions for 3-D Integrations 326
Silicon Via-holes and Transitions 326
EM Interlayer Transitions 329
Via-holes of Micro- and Millimeter-wave Motherboards 333
Grounding Via-holes 333
Cavity Model of Circular-pad Grounding Via-hole 335
Eccentric Circular-pad Grounding Via-hole 337
Modeling and Measurement Results for Grounding Via-holes 340
Through-substrate Via-holes and Their Modeling 343
References 346
Integrated Filters and Power Distribution Circuits 352
Monolithic Integrated Filters 352
Power Dividers, Directional Couplers, and Baluns 357
Power Dividers and Directional Couplers on Discrete Integrated Components 357
Distributed Power Dividers and Directional Couplers 359
Integrated Baluns 363
References 364
Circuit Approach for Simulation of EM-quantum Components 369
Circuit Models of Linear Schrödinger Equation 370
Circuit Models of Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations 371
Circuit Models of EM-quantum Equations 371
Circuit Model for Schrödinger-Hertz Equation 372
Verification of Circuit Model of Tunneling Problem 373
Solution of 2-D Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations by Circuit Simulators 378
Equivalent Circuit Model for Gross-Pitaevskii Equation 379
Numerical Validation 391
Comparison of the Proposed Techniques 399
Developments and Design of Hardware for Cold Matter 401
Current State of Circuits for Trapping of Cold Matter 401
References 418
EM Topological Signaling and Computing 423
Introduction to Topological Signaling and Computing 423
Topology and EM Signaling 424
Topological Description of the Non-stationary EM Field 425
Topological Modulation of the Field 426
Studied Topologically Modulated Field Shapes 427
Quasi-TEM Signaling 427
Signaling by Non-separable Field Impulses 431
Noise Immunity 431
Passive Gating of Microwave Topologically Modulated Signals 432
Theoretical and Experimental Validations of the Proposed Signals and Their Processing 435
Passive Switches and Their Experimental and Theoretical Studies 435
Hardware for Measurements of Picosecond Circuits 446
Diode Equipped Switch 448
Pseudo-quantum Gates for Topologically Modulated Signals 453
Passive OR/AND Gate for Microwave Topologically Modulated Signals 458
Predicate Logic, Gates and Processor for Topologically Modulated Signals (TMS) 461
Predicate Logic Theory 461
Modeling of Predicate Logic by Unipolar Spatial Signals and Single-ended Gates 464
Predicate Logic Processor 468
Related Results on the Space-time Signaling and Computing 471
Open-space EM Spatial Signaling 471
Differential and Combined Differential/Common Mode Signaling 471
Differential or Dual-rail Logic 473
Ultrafast Gating Circuits Using Coupled Waveguides 475
Multimodal Data Transmission Using Hybrid Substrate Integrated Waveguides 476
Passive Frequency Multiplier on Coupled Microstrips Line 478
Microwave Passive Logic for Phase-modulated Signals 479
Microwave Mode Selective Devices, Converters, and Multimodal Frequency Filters 481
References 494
EM Radiometry and Imaging 505
Principles of the EM Radiometry 505
Natural Microwave Radiation and Its Characterization 506
Calibration of Radiometers and Calculation of Physical Temperature 508
Sensitivity of Radiometers 509
Measurements and Statistical Analysis 510
Technique of Calculation of the Attractor Dimension 514
Calculation of Parameters of Multi-attractor Signals 524
Data Processing 528
Results and Discussion 531
Radiometric Imagers 534
References 538