Chemistry in Motion (eBook)

Bartosz A. Grzybowski is Associate Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois (USA). He was educated at the University of Gdansk (Poland) and Yale University (USA) and gained his PhD at Harvard University (USA), where he also worked as a postdoctoral fellow. From 2001 to 2003, Professor Grzybowski was Director of Research (Concurrent Pharmaceuticals) and Associate of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University. He is the recipient of several awards including the 2003 Camille and Henry Dreyfus New Faculty Award and in 2006 an ACS Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry Unilever Award and he is the (co)author of over 70 papers.

Preface.

1. Panta Rei - Everything Flows.

1.1. Historical Perspective.

1.2. What lies ahead?

1.3. How nature uses RD.

1.4. RD in Science and Technology.

2. Basic Ingredients: Diffusion.

2.1. Diffusion Equation.

2.2. Solving Diffusion Equations.

2.3. The Use of Symmetry and Superposition.

2.4. Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates.

2.5. Diffusion in Nonhomogeneous Media.

3. Chemical Reactions.

3.1. Reactions and Rates.

3.2. Chemical Equilibrium and Irreversible Reactions.

3.3. Ionic Reactions and Solubility Products.

3.4. Autocatalysis, Cooperativity, and Feedback.

3.5. Oscillating Reactions.

3.6. Reactions in Gels.

4. Putting It All Together: Reaction-Diffusion Equations and the Methods of Solving Them.

4.1. General Form of RD Equations.

4.2. RD Equations That Can Be Solved Analytically.

4.3. Spatial Discretization.

4.4. Temporal Discretization and Integration.

4.5. Heuristic Rules for Selecting a Numerical Method.

4.6. Mesoscopic Models.

5. Spatial Control of Reaction-Diffusion at Small Scales -- Wet Stamping (WETS).

5.1. Choice of Gels.

5.2. Fabrication.

Appendix A: Practical Guide to Making Agarose Stamps.

6. Fabrication by Reaction-Diffusion: Curvilinear Microstructures for Optics and Fluidics.

6.1. Microfabrication: The Simple and the Difficult.

6.2. Fabricating Arrays of Microlenses by RD and WETS.

6.3. Intermezzo - Some Thoughts on Rational Design.

6.4. Guiding Microlens Fabrication by Lattice-Gas Modeling.

6.5. Disjoint Features and Microfabrication of Multilevel Structures.

6.6. Microfabrication of Microfluidic Devices.

6.7. Short Summary.

7. Multitasking: Micro- and Nanofabrication with Periodic Precipitation.

7.1. Periodic Precipitation.

7.2. Phenomenology of Periodic Precipitation.

7.3. Governing Equations.

7.4. Microscopic PP Patterns in Two Dimensions.

7.5. Two-Dimensional Patterns for Diffractive Optics.

7.6. Buckling into the Third Dimension: Periodic "Nanowrinkles".

7.7. Toward the Applications of Buckled Surfaces.

7.8. Instead of Summary: Parallel Reactions and the Nanoscale.

8. Reaction-Diffusion at Interfaces: Structuring Solid Materials.

8.1. Deposition of Metal Foils at Gel Interfaces.

8.2. Cutting into Hard Solids with Soft Gels.

8.3. The Take-Home Message.

9. Micro-Chameleons: Reaction-Diffusion for Amplification and Sensing.

9.1. Amplification of Material Properties by RD Micronetworks.

9.2. Amplifying Macromolecular Changes using Low-Symmetry Networks.

9.3. Detecting Self-Assembled Monolayers.

9.4. Sensing Chemical "Food".

9.5. Extensions: New Chemistries, Applications and Measurement.

10. RD in Three Dimensions and at the Nanoscale.

10.1. Fabrication Inside Porous Particles.

10.2. Diffusion in Solids: The Kirkendall Effect and Fabrication of Core-Shell Nanoparticles.

10.3. Galvanic Replacement and De-Alloying Reactions at the Nanoscale: Synthesis of Nanocages.

Epilogue.

Appendix 1: Nature's Art.

Appendix 2: Matlab code for the Minotaur Example 4.1.

Appendix 3: C++ Code for the Zebra Example 4.2.

"In summary, this text can be viewed as a first stepping stone into
the reaction-diffusion field. It is a quick, informative survey of
what types of syntheses are possible in reaction-diffusion systems;
it provides the necessary framework to begin an in-depth project in
the field; and most importantly, it is an enjoyable read."
(Angewandte Chemie, 2010)