Infrared Thermography (eBook)

Professor Waldemar Minkina, Department of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa, University of Technology, Poland Prof. Minkina is the author of 4 Polish language books, and has authored over 100 journal articles. He holds 6 patents, with 4 patents announcements pending. Prof. Minkina is a member of many committees and associations including the Committee of Measurement and Scientific Instrumentation of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Association of Sensor Technology and the Polish Association of Theoretical and Applied Electrotechnics. Since 1996, he has been head of the Chair of Microprocessor Systems, Automatic Control and Heat Measurements at Czestochowa University of Technology. Dr Sebastian Dudzik, Department of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa, University of Technology, Poland Dr Dudzik graduated from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at Czestochowa University of Technology in 2000, gaining his PhD in technical sciences in 2007. He is the author or co-author of 16 articles in journals and conference proceedings.

Preface ix

About the Authors xi

Acknowledgements xiii

Symbols xv

Glossary xvii

1 Basic Concepts in the Theory of Errors and Uncertainties 1

1.1 Systematic and Random Errors 1

1.2 Uncertainties in Indirect Measurements 4

1.3 Method for the Propagation of Distributions 8

2 Measurements in Infrared Thermography 15

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Basic Laws of Radiative Heat Transfer 15

2.3 Emissivity 20

2.4 Measurement Infrared Cameras 29

3 Algorithm of Infrared Camera Measurement Processing Path 41

3.1 Information Processing in Measurement Paths of Infrared Cameras 41

3.2 Mathematical Model of Measurement with Infrared Camera 51

4 Errors of Measurements in Infrared Thermography 61

4.1 Introduction 61

4.2 Systematic Interactions in Infrared Thermography Measurements 62

4.3 Simulations of Systematic Interactions 66

5 Uncertainties of Measurements in Infrared Thermography 81

5.1 Introduction 81

5.2 Methodology of Simulation Experiments 82

5.3 Components of the Combined Standard Uncertainty for Uncorrelated Input Variables 95

5.4 Simulations of the Combined Standard Uncertainty for Correlated Input Variables 104

5.5 Simulations of the Combined Standard Uncertainty for Uncorrelated Input Variables 117

6 Summary 137

Appendix A MATLAB Scripts and Functions 141

A.1 Typesetting of the Code 141

A.2 Procedure for Calculating the Components of Combined Standard Uncertainty in Infrared Thermography Measurement Using the Presented Software 141

A.3 Procedure for Calculating the Coverage Interval and Combined Standard Uncertainty in Infrared Thermography Measurement Using the Presented Software 142

A.4 Procedure for Simulating the Cross-correlations Between the Input Variables of the Infrared Camera Model Using the Presented Software 143

A.5 MATLAB Source Code (Scripts) 143

A.6 MATLAB Source Code (Functions) 163

A.7 Sample MATLAB Sessions 172

Appendix B Normal Emissivities of Various Materials (IR-Book 2000, Minkina 2004) 177

Bibliography 185

Index 191