Cancer Stem Cells

Dr. V.K. Rajasekhar , M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., is a Senior Research Scientist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York. His work with patient derived prostate cancer stem cell xenografts, a first study in renewable Biobanking of these clinically relevant cells, has garnered eclectic post-publication reviews. Dr. Rajasekhar has received competitive research awards from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, and the Robert A. Welch Foundation, Texas. He has conducted research at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, University of California at Irvine, University of Freiburg in Germany, etc., and taught at the University of California, Irvine and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Dr. Rajasekhar has served as a peer reviewer for several journals, including Stem Cells, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, Journal of Molecular Biology, Journal of Cell Biology, Neoplasia, etc.

About the Editor xi

Contributors xiii

Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii

Acknowledgments xxxv

Section I Essentials of Cancer Stem Cells and Conceptual Modeling 1

1 Theoretical and Experimental Foundations of the "Cancer Stem Cell" Model 3
Pradeep S. Rajendran and Piero Dalerba

2 The Hallmarks of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 17
Norman J. Maitland and Anne T. Collins

3 Self-Renewal, Induced Proliferation, and Autonomous Cell Growth Represent Distinct Modes of Cell Multiplication: Relevance to the Cancer Stem Cell Theory 39
Dov Zipori

4 Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Cancer: Modeling Disease in a Dish 49
Tamra Werbowetski-Ogilvie and Robyn McClelland

5 Cancer Stem Cell as a Result of a Reprogramming-Like Mechanism: Implications in Tumor Development and Treatment 61
J.M. Iglesias, Idoia Garcia-Ramirez, Alberto Martin-Lorenzo, L. Vellon, Lucia Ruiz-Roca, A.G. Martin, and Isidro Sanchez-Garcia

6 A Cancer Stem Cell Model: An Insight into the Conversion of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cancer Stem-Like Cells 79
Akifumi Mizutani, Ling Chen, Tomonari Kasai, Takayuki Kudoh, Hiroshi Murakami, Li Fu, and Masaharu Seno

7 Altruistic Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells 89
Bikul Das

8 The Emerging Concept of EMT-Induced Cancer Stem Cells 107
Jeremy Bastid

9 Models to Study Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cancer Stem Cells 119
Sheela A. Abraham, Lisa Hopcroft, Ravi Bhatia, Steffen Koschmieder, Anthony D. Whetton, and Tessa L. Holyoake

10 Cancer Stem Cells in Melanoma: Biomarkers and Mathematical Models 133
Stefano Zapperi and Caterina A.M. La Porta

Section II Stem Cells in Liquid Tumors 143

11 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells—Updates and Controversies 145
Stephen S. Chung and Christopher Y. Park

12 Leukemia-Initiating Cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 161
Thorsten Raff and Monika Brüggemann

Section III Stem Cells in Solid Tumors 171

13 Lung Cancer Stem Cells and Resistance to Radiotherapy 173
Scott V. Bratman and Maximilian Diehn

14 Prostate Cancer Cell Heterogeneity and Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 183
Mark A. Badeaux and Dean G. Tang

15 Glioblastoma Stem Cells Drive Tumor Recurrence and Patient Relapse: What's the Evidence? 193
Aneet Mann, Randy van Ommeren, Branavan Manoranjan, Nicole McFarlane, Parvez Vora, Chitra Venugopal, and Sheila Singh

16 Stem Cells and Pancreatic Cancer 209
Susana Garcia-Silva and Christopher Heeschen

17 Melanoma Subpopulations with Cancer Stem Cell Phenotypes 223
Rajasekharan Somasundaram, Nicole Facompre, and Meenhard Herlyn

18 Sarcoma Stem Cells 235
Filemon S. Dela Cruz and Igor Matushansky

Section IV Cancer Stem Cells in Tumor Metastasis Perspective 247

19 Cancer Stem Cells in Metastasis and Minimal Residual Disease 249
Joerg Huelsken and Albert Santamaria i Martinez

20 Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Metastasis 259
Giovanna Merchand-Reyes, Rosana Pelayo, Lenin Pavón, Richard G. Pestell, and Marco Velasco-Velázquez

21 Cancer Stem Cells and the Stromal Microenvironment 273
Li Li and David A. Margolin

22 A Perspective on Breast Cancer Malignant Progression: From Cancer Stem Cell Intra Tumor Heterogeneity to Metastasis-Initiating Cells 287
Pasquale Sansone, Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar, and Jacqueline Bromberg

Section V Novel and Potential Targets in Cancer Stem Cells 295

23 Targeting Cancer Stem Cells—Modulating Embryonic Stem Cell Signaling, Epigenetics, and Tumor Metabolism 297
Naoko Takebe, Pamela Jo Harris, Yutaka Kondo, Abhilasha Nair, S. Percy Ivy, and Hideyuki Saya

24 Oct4, Oct1, and Cancer Stem Cells 319
Jessica Maddox and Dean Tantin

25 The Role of Cripto-1 in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells 331
Hideaki Karasawa, Nadia P. Castro, Maria Cristina Rangel, and David S. Salomon

26 Leptin Signaling in the Regulation of Stem and Cancer Stem Cells 347
Shanchun Guo, Keshav K. Singh, James W. Lillard, and Lily Yang

27 Tumor-Initiating Stem-Like Cells: Carcinogenesis through Toll-Like Receptors, Environmental Factors, and Virus 361
Keigo Machida

28 The Role of Epithelial Cell Polarity Pathways on Cancer Stem Cells 373
Inmaculada Banon-Rodriguez, Ilenia Bernascone, and Fernando Martin-Belmonte

29 Cancer-Initiating Cells, Exosomes, and the Premetastatic Niche 389
Margot Zöller

30 MicroRNA Therapeutics to Target Brain Tumor Stem Cells 403
Derryn Xin Hui Chan, Srikanth Nama, Gopinath Sundaram, and Prabha Sampath

31 The Riboproteome Orchestrates Self-Renewal and Cell Fate in Leukemia 417
Elianna M. Amin and Michael G. Kharas

Section VI Clinical Relevance of Cancer Stem Cells in Patients 435

32 Targeting Different States of Breast Cancer Stem Cells 437
Sean P. McDermott and Max S. Wicha

33 Difficulties in Targeting the Beating Heart: Therapeutic Implications of the Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis in Melanoma 451
Jennifer Makalowski and Hinrich Abken

34 Targeting Cancer Stem Cells for Overcoming Drug Resistance and Cancer Progression 461
Yiwei Li, Dejuan Kong, Aamir Ahmad, Bin Bao, and Fazlul H. Sarkar

35 The Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Tumor Radioresistance 473
I. Kurth, C. Peitzsch, M. Baumann, and A. Dubrovska

Index 493

Color plate located between pages 222 and 223.