Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution

Adolfo Iulianelli, Degree in Chemical Engineering in 2002 at University of Calabria (Italy), obtained his PhD Degree in Chemical and Materials Engineering in 2006 at University of Calabria (Italy). Nowadays, he is working at the Institute on Membrane Technology of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM). He is author or co-author of more than 50 international articles (ISI), 1 patent, more than 50 contributes as oral and poster presentations in national and international conferences, more than 20 book chapters. Furthermore, he is Reviewer of more than 20 international ICI journals, Invited Speaker in more than 5 international conferences, training school, etc. Subject Editor of the Scientific World Journal, Guest Editor for the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (ICI) and Journal of Membrane Science and Technology and Associate Editor of International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology. His research interests are membrane reactors, fuel cells, gas separation, hydrogen production from reforming reactions of renewable sources through inorganic membrane reactors and membrane operations. His h-index is 22 (source: www.scoupus.com). Angelo Basile, a Chemical Engineer, is a senior Researcher at the ITM-CNR, University of Calabria, where he is responsible for research related to both the ultra-pure hydrogen production and CO2 capture using Pd-based Membrane Reactors. Angelo Basile's h-index is 53, with 387 document results with a total of 8,910 citations in 5,034 documents (www.scopus.com – 24 May 2023). He has more than 170 scientific papers in peer-to-peer journals and 252 papers in international congresses; and is a reviewer for 165 int. journals, an editor/author of more than 50 scientific books and 120 chapters on international books on membrane science and technology; 6 Italian patents, 2 European patents and 5 worldwide patents. He is referee of 104 international scientific journals and Member of the Editorial Board of 22 of them. Basile is also Editor associate of the Int. J. Hydrogen Energy and Editor-in-chief of the Int. J. Membrane Science & Technol. and Editor-in-chief of Membrane Processes (Applications), a section of the Intl J. Membranes. Basile also prepared 42 special issues on membrane science and technology for many international journals (IJHE, Chem Eng. J., Cat. Today, etc.). He participated to and was/is responsible of many national and international projects on membrane reactors and membrane science. Basile served as Director of the ITM-CNR during the period Dec. 2008 – May 2009. In the last years, he was tutor of 30 Thesis for master and Ph.D. students at the Chemical Engineering Department of the University of Calabria (Italy). From 2014, Basile is Full Professor of Chemical Engineering Processes.

Contributor contact details
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
Dedication
Preface
Part I: Fundamentals of hydrogen production

1. Key challenges in the development of an infrastructure for hydrogen production, delivery, storage and use

Abstract:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The hydrogen infrastructure
1.3 Building an infrastructure for the hydrogen economy
1.4 National planning for hydrogen infrastructure building
1.5 Conclusion: outlook for the hydrogen economy
1.6 Summary
1.7 Sources of further information and advice
1.8 References
1.9 Appendix: acronyms


2. Assessing the environmental impact of hydrogen energy production

Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Self-regulating energy systems and materials circulation
2.3 An ideal energy system based on materials circulation
2.4 The environmental impact factor (EIF) of carbon and hydrogen
2.5 Local environmental impact factors for hydrogen and carbon in Japan
2.6 A green hydrogen energy system
2.7 Conclusions
2.8 References
2.9 Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms


3. Hydrogen production from fossil fuel and biomass feedstocks

Abstract:
3.1 Introduction: hydrogen from coal and natural gas
3.2 Partial oxidation (POX) technology
3.3 Steam reforming of natural gas and naphtha
3.4 Steam reforming and steam gasification of bio-feedstock
3.5 Economics and CO2 emissions of biomass gasification
3.6 Traditional feedstock purification: catalyst poison removal
3.7 Synthesis gas processing
3.8 Future trends and conclusions
3.9 References
3.10 Appendix: nomenclature


4. Hydrogen production in conventional, bio-based and nuclear power plants

Abstract:
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen production in conventional and bio-based power plants
4.3 Combined carbon capture and storage (CCS)
4.4 Hydrogen production in nuclear power plants
4.5 Conclusions
4.6 References
4.7 Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms


5. Portable and small-scale stationary hydrogen production from micro-reactor systems

Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Portable and small-scale hydrogen production
5.3 Microfluidic devices for process intensification
5.4 Feedstocks and technologies for hydrogen production in micro-reactors
5.5 Micro-reactor design: key issues for hydrogen production
5.6 Industrial scale-up and improvement of technology uptake
5.7 Process analysis and the business case
5.8 Future trends
5.9 Conclusions
5.11 Acknowledgments
5.10 Sources of further information and advice
5.12 References
5.13 Appendix: abbreviations




Part II: Hydrogen production from renewable sources

6. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis

Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrolytic hydrogen production
6.3 Types of electrolyzers
6.4 Water electrolysis thermodynamics
6.5 Kinetics of water splitting
6.6 Electrolyzer current-voltage (I–V) curves
6.7 High-pressure water electrolysis
6.8 Coupling electrolyzers with solar energy for vehicle hydrogen fueling
6.9 Educational aspects of water electrolysis
6.10 Major issues facing the use of water electrolysis for hydrogen production
6.11 Future trends
6.12 Conclusions
6.13 Sources of further information and advice
6.14 Acknowledgements
6.15 References
6.16 Appendix: nomenclature


7. Development of a photo-electrochemical (PEC) reactor to convert carbon dioxide into methanol for biorefining

Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Chemical reduction of CO2
7.3 Mimicking natural enzymes for splitting water in photo-electrochemical (PEC) reactors
7.4 Cathodic systems for CO2 reduction to methanol in PEC reactors
7.5 Manufacturing an effective membrane electrode assembly
7.6 Bio-based products from PEC CO2 reduction processes
7.7 CO2 sources and purity issues
7.8 Conversion of CO2 to methanol using solar energy
7.9 Impacts on greenhouse gas reduction and life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses
7.10 Conclusions
7.11 References


8. Photocatalytic production of hydrogen

Abstract:
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hydrogen production through photocatalysis
8.3 Engineering efficient photocatalysts for solar H2 production
8.4 Photocatalytic water splitting
8.5 Separate H2 and O2 evolution from photocatalytic water splitting
8.6 Photocatalytic reforming of organics
8.7 Future trends
8.8 Conclusion
8.9 References
8.10 Appendix: list of symbols


9. Bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen

Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principles of bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen
9.3 Technologies for bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen
9.4 Applications
9.5 Future trends
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 References
9.8 Appendix: the Calvin cycle


10. Thermochemical production of hydrogen

Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General aspects of hydrogen production
10.3 Thermochemical hydrogen production from carbon-containing sources
10.4 Thermochemical hydrogen production from carbon-free sources: water-splitting processes
10.5 Conclusions
10.6 References
10.7 Appendix: list of acronyms and symbols




Part III: Hydrogen production using membrane reactors, storage and distribution

11. Hydrogen production using inorganic membrane reactors

Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Traditional reactors used for hydrogen production
11.3 Catalysts for hydrogen production
11.4 Membrane-integrated processes for hydrogen production
11.5 Biohydrogen production processes
11.6 Bioreactors for biohydrogen production
11.7 Membrane reactors for biohydrogen production
11.8 Conclusions and future trends
11.9 References
11.10 Appendix: list of acronyms and symbols


12. In situ quantitative evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement in group 5 metals used for hydrogen separation and purification

Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Principles of quantitative evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement
12.3 Ductile-to-brittle transition hydrogen concentrations for group 5 metals
12.4 Mechanical properties and fracture mode changes of Nb- or V-based alloys in hydrogen atmospheres
12.5 Applications and future trends
12.6 Summary
12.7 Sources of further information and advice
12.8 References
12.9 Appendix: symbols and acronyms


13. Design of group 5 metal-based alloy membranes with high hydrogen permeability and strong resistance to hydrogen embrittlement

Abstract:
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Hydrogen permeable metal membranes
13.3 Alloy design for a group 5 metal-based hydrogen permeable membrane
13.4 Design of Nb-based alloys
13.5 V-based alloys
13.6 Future trends
13.7 Summary
13.8 Sources of further information and advice
13.9 References
13.10 Appendix: symbols and acronyms


14. Hydrogen storage in hydride-forming materials

Abstract:
14.1 Introduction
14.2 An overview of the main hydrogen storage technologies
14.3 Hydrogen storage in hydride-forming metals and intermetallics
14.4 Chemical hydrides
14.5 Hydrogen storage specifications and developments in technology
14.6 Conclusion
14.7 References
14.8 Appendix: nomenclature


15. Hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials

Abstract:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Hydrogen adsorption by porous solids
15.3 Hydrogen adsorption measurements
15.4 Hydrogen storage in porous carbons
15.5 Hydrogen storage in zeolites
15.6 Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks
15.7 Hydrogen storage in microporous organic polymers and other materials
15.8 Use of nanoporous materials in practical storage units: material properties and thermal conductivity
15.9 Storage unit modelling and design
15.10 Future trends
15.11 Conclusion
15.12 References
15.13 Appendix: symbols and abbreviations


16. Hydrogen fuel cell technology

Abstract:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of fuel cell (FC)
16.3 The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in the energy supply chain
16.4 Hydrogen fuel cells and renewable energy sources (RES) deployment
16.5 Fuel cells in stationary applications
16.6 Fuel cells in transportation applications
16.7 Fuel cells in portable applications
16.8 Research priorities in fuel cell technology
16.9 Research priorities in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs)
16.10 Research priorities in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
16.11 Conclusions
16.12 Sources of further information and advice
16.13 References
16.14 Appendix: abbreviations


17. Hydrogen as a fuel in transportation

Abstract:
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hydrogen characteristics as an alternative fuel
17.3 Advances in hydrogen vehicle technologies and fuel delivery
17.4 History of hydrogen demonstrations
17.5 Hydrogen fueling infrastructure for transportation
17.6 Future trends
17.7 Conclusions
17.8 Sources of further information and advice
17.9 References
17.10 Appendix: list of acronyms




Index