The Science of Air

PART I FUNDAMENTALS


CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Setting the Stage o Scope of Text o Definition of Key Terms: Definitions o Summary o References

CHAPTER 2: ALL ABOUT AIR

Introduction o "Revolutionary" Science o The Components of Air: Characteristics and Properties: Atmospheric Nitrogen: Nitrogen: Physical Properties o Nitrogen: Uses o Nitrogen Oxides o Atmospheric Oxygen: Oxygen: Physical Properties o Oxygen: Uses o Ozone: Just Another Form of Oxygen o Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Carbon Dioxide: Physical Properties o Carbon Dioxide: Uses o Atmospheric Argon: Argon: Physical Properties o Argon: Uses o Atmospheric Neon: Neon: Physical Properties o Neon: Uses o Atmospheric Helium o Helium: Physical Properties o Helium Uses o Atmospheric Krypton o Krypton: Physical Properties o Krypton: Uses o Atmospheric Xenon: Xenon: Physical Properties o Xenon: Uses o Atmospheric Hydrogen: Hydrogen: Physical Properties o Hydrogen: Uses o Atmospheric Water o Atmospheric Particulate Matter o Air for Combustion o Air for Power o Summary o References

CHAPTER 3: AIR MATHEMATICS

Introduction o Units of Measurement: Units of Mass o Units of Length o Units of Volume o Units of Temperature o Units of Pressure o Units Often Used in Air Studies: Liquids, Gases/Vapors o Basic Math o Conversions of Fractions to Decimals o Powers of Ten and Scientific Notation: Powers of Ten Notation o Scientific Notation o Dimensional Analysis o Rounding Off a Number o Equations: Solving for the Unknown: Axioms o Solving Simple Equations o Checking the Answer o Setting Up Equations o Ratio and Proportion: Ratio o Proportions o Finding Averages o Percent: Percent: Practical Applications o Perimeter and Circumference o Area o Volume o Conversion Factors: Temperature Conversions o Summary o References

CHAPTER 4: AIR PHYSICS

Introduction o Force, Weight, and Mass o Pressure o Work and Energy o Diffusion and Dispersion o Compressibility o Gas Laws: Boyle's Law o Charle's Law o Ideal Gas Law o Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere o Adiabatic Lapse Rate o The Albino Rainbow o Particle Physics o Summary o References

CHAPTER 5: AIR CHEMISTRY

Introduction o Chemistry Fundamentals: What is Chemistry o Elements and Compounds o Classifications of Elements o Physical and Chemical Changes o The Structure of the Atom: Periodic Classification of the Elements o Molecules and Ions o Chemical Bonding o Chemical Formulas and Equations o Molecular Weights, Formulas, and the Mole o Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter: States of Matter o The Gas Laws o Liquids and Solutions o Thermal Properties: Specific Heat o Acids + Bases ? Salts: pH Scale o Organic Chemistry: Organic Compounds o Hydrocarbons o Aliphatic Hydrocarbons o Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Environmental Chemistry o Atmospheric Chemistry & Related Phenomena: Photochemical Reaction-Smog Production o Summary o References

PART II ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE


CHAPTER 6: THE ATMOSPHERE

Introduction o Earth's Thin Skin: The Stratosphere o The Troposphere: Water Vapor o A Jekyll and Hyde View of the Atmosphere o Atmospheric Matter o Summary

CHAPTER 7: MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Introduction o Cloud Formation: Major Cloud Types o Moisture in the Atmosphere o Summary

CHAPTER 8: PRECIPITATION, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Introduction o Precipitation: Coalescence o Bergeron Process o Types of Precipitation o Convectional Precipitation o Orographic Precipitation o Frontal Precipitation o Evapotranspiration: Evaporation o Transpiration o Evapotranspiration: The Process o Summary o References

CHAPTER 9: THE ATMOSPHERE IN MOTION

The Atmosphere in Motion o Global Air Movement o Why Do We Have Winds?: Pressure Gradient Force o Coriolis Force o Friction o Summary

CHAPTER 10: WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Introduction o Meteorology: The Science of Weather: El Nino-Southern Oscillation o The Sun: Weather Generator o Air Masses o Thermal Inversions and Air Pollution o Summary

CHAPTER 11: MICROCLIMATES

Introduction o Microclimates: Large Inland Lakes o Microclimates Near the Ground o Microclimates Over Open Land Areas o Microclimate in Woodlands or Forested Areas o Shenks's Ferry o Microclimates in Valley and Hillside Regions o Microclimates in Urban Areas o Microclimates in Seaside Locations o Summary

CHAPTER 12: THE ENDANGERED ATMOSPHERE: CLIMATIC CHANGE

Introduction o The Past: A Time of Ice o Warm Winter o What We Think We Know about Global Climate Change o What We Think We Know about Global Warming o Greenhouse Effect o Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming o Factors Involved with Global Warming/Cooling o Summary: So What Does This All Mean? o References

PART III AIR QUALITY


CHAPTER 13: AIR QUALITY

Introduction o Earth's Heat Balance o Basic Air Quality o Summary

CHAPTER 14: AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Introduction o Clean Air Act (CAA): Title 1: Attainment & Maintenance of NAAQS o Title 2: Mobile Sources o Title 3: Air Toxins o Title 4: Acid Deposition o Title 5: Permits o Title 6: Ozone and Global Climate Protection o Title 7: Enforcement o Summary o References

CHAPTER 15: AIR POLLUTION

Introduction o Atmospheric Dispersion, Transformation, & Deposition: Weather o Turbulence o Adiabatic Lapse Rate o Mixing o Topography o Temperature Inversions o Plume Rise o Transport o Dispersion Models o Major Air Pollutants: National Ambient Air-Quality Standards (NAAQS) o Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) o Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) o Carbon Monoxide (CO) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC-Hydrocarbons) o Ozone and Photochemical Smog o Carbon Dioxide o Particulate Matter o Lead o Summary o References

CHAPTER 16: AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

Introduction o Air Pollution Control: Choices: Cedar Creek Composting o Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems o Removal of Dry Particulate Matter: Particulate Matter o Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates o Gravity Settlers o Cyclone Collectors o Electrostatic Precipitators o Wet (Venturi) Scrubbers o Baghouse (Fabric) Filters o Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources: Absorption o Adsorption o Condensation o Combustion o Direct-Flame Combustion (Flaring) o Thermal Combustion (Afterburners) o Catalytic Combustion o Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Mobile Sources: Control of Crankcase Emissions o Control of Evaporative Emissions o Catalytic Converters o Summary o References

CHAPTER 17: INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

Introduction o Legionnaire's Disease o Sick Building Syndrome o A Cottage Industry Is Born o Indoor Air Pollutants: Radon o Environmental Tobacco Smoke o Biological Contaminants o Combustible Byproducts o Household Products o Pesticides o Asbestos o Air Quality Control Measures o Summary o References

AFTERWORD