Sands, Powders, and Grains

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Some Orders of Magnitude Defining the Problem.- 1.2 Economic Implications and Industrial Problems.- 1.3 Granular Materials and Geophysics.- 1.4 A Brief Historical Review.- 1.5 Prerequisites and Selected Bibliography.- 2. Interactions in Granular Media.- 2.1 A Single Particle and Its Environment.- 2.2 Interactions between Two Particles.- 2.3 A Single Particle on Top of a Granular Medium.- 2.4 Interactions Between Several Particles.- 3. Fluidization, Decompaction, and Fragmentation.- 3.1 The Static Properties of a Granular Pile.- 3.2 Dynamic Properties of a Granular Pile.- 4. Granular Media in a State of Flow.- 4.1 A Sand Pile in Equilibrium: The Angle of Repose.- 4.2 Avalanche Models.- 5. Mixing and Segregation.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Segregation by Vibration.- 5.3 Segregation by Shearing.- 5.4 Segregation in Oyama’s Three-Dimensional Drum.- 6. Numerical Simulations.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Simulations of Collisions.- 6.3 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations.- 6.4 Simulation of the Dynamics of Contacts.- 6.5 Monte Carlo (MC) Simulations.- 6.6 Sequential Model of a Pile.