Basic Process Measurements (eBook)

Cecil L. Smith, PhD, has over thirty-five years' experience in process control, his expertise encompassing every control technology being applied in industrial production facilities. In continuous processes, he has worked with oil refining, pulp/paper, power generation, and ore processing. In batch processes, he has experience with both single-product processes (such as PVC reactors and pulp digesters) and the multiproduct (flexible batch) processes that are the norm in specialty chemicals. His primary focus is on designing a control strategy for a process and then commissioning the controls; that is, the process aspects as opposed to systems aspects. He also develops and teaches continuing education courses for practicing engineers on various aspects of process control and instrumentation.

Preface.

1. Basic Concepts.

1.1. Continuous vs. Discrete Measurement.

1.2. Continuous vs. Sampled Measurement.

1.3. In-Line, On-Line, and Off-Line.

1.4. Signals and Resolution.

1.5. Zero, Span, and Range.

1.6. Turndown Ratio and Rangeability.

1.7. Accuracy.

1.8. Repeatability.

1.9. Measurement Uncertainty.

1.10. Measurement Decision Risk.

1.11. Calibration.

1.12. Measurement Device Components.

1.13. Current Loop.

1.14. Power Supply and Wiring.

1.15. Serial Communications.

1.16. Smart Transmitters.

1.17. Environmental Issues.

1.18. Explosive Atmospheres.

1.19. Measurement Device Dynamics.

1.20. Filtering and Smoothing.

2. Temperature.

2.1. Heat and Temperature.

2.2. Temperature Scales.

2.3. Thermowells.

2.4. Bimetallic Thermometers.

2.5. Thermocouples.

2.6. Resistance Temperature Detectors.

2.7. Thermistors.

2.8. Temperature Transmitters.

2.9. Pyrometers.

2.10. Others.

3. Pressure.

3.1. Force and Pressure.

3.2. Measures of Pressure.

3.3. Pressure-Sensing Elements.

3.4. Indicators and Switches.

3.5. Pressure Sensor.

3.6. Strain Gauge Pressure Sensors.

3.7. Capacitance Pressure Sensors.

3.8. Resonant Frequency.

3.9. Installation.

3.10. Differential Pressure.

4. Level and Density.

4.1. Level, Volume, and Weight.

4.2. Pressure Transmitter.

4.3. Differential Pressure Transmitter.

4.4. Capacitance and Radio Frequency.

4.5. Ultrasonic.

4.6. Noncontact Radar.

4.7. Guided Wave Radar.

4.8. Nuclear.

4.9. A Few Others.

4.10. Level Switches.

4.11. Interface.

4.12. Density.

5. Flow.

5.1. Mass Flow, Volumetric Flow, and Velocity.

5.2. Static Pressure and Fluid Velocity.

5.3. Flashing and Cavitation.

5.4. Fluid Dynamics.

5.5. Flow Meter Application Data.

5.6. Orifi ce Meter.

5.7. Head Meters.

5.8. Coriolis Meters.

5.9. Magnetic Flow Meter.

5.10. Vortex-Shedding Meter.

5.11. Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Meter.

5.12. Doppler Ultrasonic Flow Meter.

5.13. Thermal Flow Meters.

5.14. Turbine Meter.

5.15. Other Flow Meters.

5.16. Flow Switches.

Index.