Advanced Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock

William F. Egan, PhD, is a lecturer in electrical engineering at Santa Clara University, California. Formerly, he was a principal engineer at TRW ESL and a senior technologist at GTE Government Systems.

Preface. Symbols List and Glossary. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Phase-Locked Synthesizer. 1.2 Fractional-N Frequency Synthesis. 1.3 Representing a Change in Divide Number. 1.4 Units. 1.5 Representing Phase Noise. 1.6 Phase Noise at the Synthesizer Output. 1.7 Observing the Output Spectrum. 2 Fractional-N and Basic EA Synthesizers. 2.1 First-Order Fractional-N. 2.2 Second-Order Fractional-N. 2.3 Higher-Order Fractional-N. 2.4 Spectrums with Constant Sampling Rate. 2.5 Summary of Spectrums. 2.6 Summary. 3 Other Spurious Reduction Techniques. 3.1 LSB Dither. 3.2 Maximum Sequence Length. 3.3 Shortened Accumulators and Lower Primes. 3.4 Long Sequence. 3.5 Summary. 4 Defects in EA Synthesis. 4.1 Noise Models. 4.2 Levels of Other Noise in EA Synthesizers. 4.3 Noise Sources, Equivalent Input Noise. 4.4 Discrete Sidebands. 4.5 Summary. 5 Other EA Architectures. 5.1 Stability. 5.2 Feedback. 5.3 Feed-forward. 5.4 Quantizer Offset. 5.5 MASH- n 1 n 2 n 3 . 5.6 Cancellation of Quantization Noise in the General Modulator. 5.7 Fractional Swallows. 5.8 Hardware Reduction. 6 Simulation. 6.1 SandH.mdl. 6.2 SandHreverse.mdl. 6.3 CPandI.mdl. 6.4 Dither.mdl. 6.5 HandK.mdl. 6.6 SimplePD.mdl. 6.7 CPandIplus.mdl. 6.8 CPandITrunc.mdl. 6.9 Adapting a Model. 6.10 EFeedback.mdl. 6.11 FeedForward.mdl. 6.12 MASH modulator scripts. 6.13 SYnStep--.mdl. 6.14 Other Methods. 7 Diophantine Synthesizer. 7.1 Two-Loop Synthesizer. 7.2 Multi-Loop Synthesizers. 7.3 MATLAB Scripts. 7.4 Signal Mixing. 7.5 Reference-Frequency Coupling. 7.6 Center Frequencies. 8 Operation at Extreme Bandwidths. 8.1 Determining the Effects of Sampling. 8.2 A Particular Case. 8.3 When Are Sampling Effects Important? 8.4 Computer Program. 8.5 Sampling Effects in S? Synthesizers. 9 All-Digital Frequency Synthesizers. 9.1 The Flying Adder Synthesizer. 9.2 The ADPLL Synthesizer. Appendix A All Digital. A.1 Flying Adder Circuits. A.2 ADPLL Synthesizer. Appendix C Fractional Cancellation. C.1 Modulator Details. C.2 First Accumulator. C.3 Second Accumulator. C.4 Additional Accumulators. C.5 Accumulator Without Input Register. Appendix E Excess PPSD. E.1 Development of Eq. E.2 Approximating k p . E.3 Approximation in Eq. Appendix F References to FS2 . Appendix G Using Gsmp1. G.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function. G.2 Close-Loop Responses. G.3 Saving Results. G.4 Version Number. G.5 Example Session. G.6 Generating Analysis Plots. G.7 Verification of Gardner's Stability Limits. G.8 The Nyquist Plot. Appendix H Sample and Hold Circuit. H.1 Transient Performance. H.2 Filter Capacitor Before Sampler. Appendix L Loop Response. L.1 Primary Loop. L.2 Damped Loop. Appendix M MASH PSD. M.1 MASH Modulator, First Stage. M.2 MASH Modulator, Second-Order. M.3 MASH Modulator, Higher Order. M.4 Variances. M.5 Some Parameters of S f . M.6 Previous Development. M.7 Some MASH Modulator Characteristics. M.8 Characteristics of MATLAB Scripts mashone and mashall- . Appendix N Sampled Noise. N.1 Case 1, W n f ref. N.2 Case 2, 1/ T " W n " f ref. N.3 Case 3, W n " 1/ T " f ref. N.4 Variance of Sampled Noise (1/ T " f ref). N.5 Convolution of PSDs. N.6 Representing Squared PSDs. Appendix O Oscillator Spectrums. Appendix P Phase Detectors. Appendix Q Quantization PPSD. Q.1 Development of Eq. Q.2 Superposition. Q.3 New Synthesized Frequency. Q.4 Loop Response. Q.5 Verification of the Effect of Sampling on the Loop. Appendix R Reference-Frequency Spurs. R.1 Leakage Current. R.2 Pulse Offset. R.3 EA Modulation. R.4 Effect of EA Modulation on Pulse Offset Spurs. R.5 Effect of EA Modulation on Leakage Spurs. R.6 Effects of Resampling. Appendix S Spectrum Analysis. S.1 Spectrums. S.2 The Spectrum Analyzer. S.3 The Window Function. S.4 Density and Discrete Spurs. S.5 Control Parameters. S.6 Frequency Conversion in an Analyzer. S.7 Displaying L , FPSD, and PPSD. S.8 Spectral Overlaps. S.9 Anomalous Spurs. Appendix T Toolboxes. Appendix U Noise Produced by Charge-Pump Current Unbalance (Mismatch). Appendix W Getting Files from the Wiley Internet Site. Appendix X Some Tables. X.1 Accumulator Shortening. X.2 Sequence Lengths. Endnotes. References. Index.