High Voltage Protection for Telecommunications

STEVEN W. BLUME is President and CEO of Applied Professional Training, Inc., a world-class technical training company serving both the electric power and telecommunications industries. Mr. Blume has extensive experience in power systems planning, design, construction, and operations of major power plants, lines and substations. His telecommunications experience includes work with fiber optics, microwave, radio, power line carrier, and copper systems in high voltage environ/ments.

Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii About the Author xv 1 Overview of High Voltage Protection for Telecommunications 1 Basic Purpose and Applications, 2 The HV Protection Challenge, 3 HV Isolation Standards, 7 2 Electric Power System Fundamentals 11 Power Terminology for Telecommunications, 12 Electric Power System Overview, 21 AC Voltage Generation, 23 Substation Equipment, 31 Transmission Lines, 44 Distribution Lines, 45 System Protection Equipment and Concepts, 47 3 Ground Potential Rise (GPR) and Zone of Influence 63 Introduction to Ground Potential Rise (GPR), 64 GPR, 65 GPR Locations, 66 Factors Affecting GPR, 71 Calculation of GPR, 86 ZOI, 88 Earth Resistivity, 91 GPR and ZOI Calculation Methods, 95 Lightning Faults, 107 Electromagnetic Induction under Fault Conditions, 109 Total Electrical Cable Stress, 118 The Role of Protection Engineers, 119 4 Critical Telecommunications Circuits in HV Environments 121 General, 122 Service Performance Objectives (SPOs), 122 North America Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Standards, 125 Protective Relaying Schemes that Require Class A Circuits, 126 Power Applications that Require Class B Circuits, 131 Power Communication Service Types, 136 Smart Grid and Cyber Security, 139 5 High Voltage Protection Equipment 143 General, 144 Basic Shunt Protection, 144 Levels of Protection, 149 Special Consideration for Nearby Facilities, 166 6 Level III HV Protection Equipment, Installation, and Testing 167 General, 168 Level III Copper HVI Components, 169 Copper HVI System Design, 181 Copper HVI Installation Examples, 191 Copper HVI System Initial Testing, 195 Copper HVI Maintenance and Inspection, 197 Fiber HVI Systems Installation, 199 Fiber HVI Installation Examples, 202 Wireless Sites on Electrical Power Towers, 205 Protection at Non-Power Company Locations, 211 7 Personnel Safety Working with HV Protection Equipment 217 Electrical Safety, 218 Electrical Protection Priorities, 218 Touch and Step Potentials, 219 Glossary 227 Appendix: Service Request Form 231 Bibliography 235 Index 237