Wireless Communication Electronics (eBook)

Preface 8
Acknowledgements 10
Contents 12
Abbreviations 18
Chapter 
20 
1.1 Fundamental Concepts in Physics 20
1.2 Wireless Transmission of Signals 21
1.2.1 A Short History of Wireless Technology 21
1.3 Nature of Waves 24
1.4 Wave Characteristics 27
1.4.1 Amplitude 28
1.4.2 Frequency 28
1.4.3 Envelope 29
1.4.4 Phase, Group, and Signal Velocity 30
1.4.5 Wavelength 31
1.4.6 Multitone Waveform 34
1.4.7 Frequency Spectrum 35
1.5 Electromagnetic Waves 36
1.5.1 Tuning 38
1.5.2 Maxwell's Equations 39
1.5.2.1 Magnetic Field 39
1.5.2.2 Electric Field 40
1.5.2.3 Electrical Shielding 42
1.5.2.4 Magnetic Shielding 42
1.5.2.5 Displacement Current 42
1.5.3 The Concept of High Frequency 43
1.6 RF Communication Systems 45
1.7 Summary 46
Problems 47
Chapter 
49 
2.1 Matter and Electricity 49
2.2 Electromotive Force 49
2.3 Electric Current Effects 51
2.4 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators 51
2.5 Basic Electrical Variables 52
2.5.1 Voltage 52
2.5.2 Current 53
2.5.3 Power 55
2.5.4 Impedance 55
2.6 Electronic Signals 57
2.6.1 Properties of a Sine Wave 57
2.6.1.1 Root Mean Square 58
2.6.1.2 Common Mode of a Signal 59
2.6.2 DC and AC Signals 61
2.6.3 Single-Ended and Differential Signals 62
2.6.4 Constructive and Destructive Signal Interactions 63
2.7 Signal Quantification 64
2.7.1 AC Signal Power 64
2.7.2 The Decibel Scale 66
2.7.3 The Meaning of ``Ground'' 67
2.8 Summary 68
Problems 68
Chapter 
71 
3.1 Thermal Noise 71
3.2 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth 74
3.2.1 Noise Bandwidth in an RC Network 74
3.2.2 Noise Bandwidth in an RLC Network 75
3.3 Signal to Noise Ratio 76
3.4 Noise Figure 77
3.5 Noise Temperature 78
3.6 Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks 80
3.7 Noise in Active Devices 82
3.8 Summary 83
Problems 83
Chapter 
85 
4.1 Simple Circuit Elements 85
4.1.1 Simple Conductive Wire 85
4.1.1.1 DC and RF Behaviours of a Simple Wire 86
4.1.1.2 Skin Depth of a Simple Wire 88
4.1.2 Ideal Voltage Source 89
4.1.3 Ideal Current Source 90
4.1.4 Resistance 91
4.1.4.1 Linear and Nonlinear Resistance 93
4.1.4.2 AC Signal Generator and Resistive Load 94
4.1.5 Capacitance 95
4.1.5.1 Capacitive Reactance 97
4.1.5.2 AC Steady State of a Circuit with Capacitor 99
4.1.5.3 Transient Capacitive Current 100
4.1.6 Inductance 102
4.1.6.1 AC Steady State of a Circuit with Inductor 105
4.1.6.2 Transient Inductive Current 106
4.1.7 Transformer 107
4.1.7.1 Energy Stored in a Transformer 109
4.1.7.2 Transformer Loading 110
4.1.8 Memristance 116
4.1.9 Voltage Divider 117
4.1.9.1 Resistive Voltage Divider 118
4.1.9.2 RC Voltage Divider 119
4.1.9.3 RL Voltage Divider 121
4.2 Basic Network Laws 122
4.2.1 Ohm's Law 123
4.2.2 Kirchhoff's Laws 123
4.2.3 Thévenin and Norton's Transformations 124
4.3 Semiconductor Devices 125
4.3.1 Doped Semiconductor Material 125
4.3.2 P–N Junction 127
4.3.3 Diode 128
4.3.4 Bipolar Junction Transistor 131
4.3.4.1 BJT Equivalent Circuits 135
4.3.5 MOS Field-Effect Transistor 137
4.3.6 Junction Field-Effect Transistor 138
4.4 Summary 140
Problems 140
Chapter 
144 
5.1 The LC Circuit 144
5.1.1 Damping and Maintaining Oscillations 146
5.1.2 Forced Oscillations 150
5.2 The RLC Circuit 152
5.2.1 Serial RLC Network 152
5.2.2 Parallel RLC Network 155
5.3 Q Factor 156
5.3.1 Q Factor of a Serial RLC Network 158
5.3.2 Q Factor of a Parallel RLC Network 159
5.4 Self-resonance of an Inductor 161
5.5 Serial to Parallel Impedance Transformations 162
5.6 Dynamic Resistance 163
5.7 General RLC Networks 164
5.7.1 Derivation for the Resonant Frequency 0 165
5.7.2 Derivation for the Dynamic Resistance RD 167
5.8 Selectivity 168
5.9 Bandpass Filters 168
5.10 Coupled Tuned Circuit 171
5.11 Summary 171
Problems 172
Chapter 
173 
6.1 System Partitioning Concept 173
6.2 Maximum Power Transfer 174
6.3 Measuring Power Loss Due to Mismatch 176
6.4 Matching Networks 177
6.5 Impedance Transformation 178
6.6 The Q Matching Technique 178
6.6.1 Matching Real Impedances 179
6.6.2 Matching Complex Impedances 182
6.6.2.1 Absorbing the Parasitics 182
6.6.2.2 Resonating out Excessive Parasitics 183
6.7 Bandwidth of a Single-Stage LC Matching Network 184
6.7.1 Increasing Bandwidth with Multisection Impedance Matching 185
6.7.2 Decreasing Bandwidth with Multisection Impedance Matching 186
6.8 Summary 187
Problems 187
Chapter 
189 
7.1 General Amplifiers 189
7.1.1 Amplifier Classification 190
7.1.2 Voltage Amplifier 191
7.1.3 Current Amplifier 194
7.1.4 Transconductance Amplifier 197
7.1.5 Transresistance Amplifier 198
7.2 Single-Stage Amplifiers 199
7.2.1 Common-Base Amplifier 199
7.2.1.1 Input Resistance 200
7.2.1.2 Output Resistance 202
7.2.1.3 Voltage Gain 203
7.2.2 Common-Emitter Amplifier 204
7.2.2.1 Input Resistance 204
7.2.2.2 Output Resistance 205
7.2.2.3 Voltage Gain 207
7.2.3 Common-Collector Amplifier 208
7.2.3.1 Input Resistance 208
7.2.3.2 Output Resistance 210
7.2.3.3 Voltage Gain 210
7.3 Cascode Amplifier 212
7.4 The Biasing Problem 213
7.4.1 Emitter-Degenerated CE Amplifier 216
7.4.2 Voltage Divider for Biasing Control 217
7.4.3 Two-Stage Biasing Control 219
7.5 AC Analysis of Voltage Amplifiers 222
7.6 Miller Capacitance 223
7.7 Tuned Amplifiers 225
7.7.1 Single-Stage CE RF Amplifier 226
7.7.1.1 Intuitive View of CE RF Amplifier Operation 226
7.7.1.2 Miller Effect 228
7.7.1.3 CE RF Amplifier Stability 228
7.7.1.4 Cascode RF and IF Amplifiers 231
7.7.1.5 Unilateralisation of CE Amplifier 231
7.7.2 Single-Stage CB RF Amplifier 232
7.7.3 Insertion Loss 233
7.8 Summary 233
Problems 234
Chapter 
237 
8.1 Criteria for Oscillations 237
8.2 Ring Oscillators 239
8.3 Phase-Shift Oscillators 240
8.4 RF Oscillators 241
8.4.1 Tapped L, Centre-Grounded Feedback Network 241
8.4.2 Tapped C, Centre-Grounded Feedback Network 244
8.4.3 Tapped L, Bottom-Grounded Feedback Network 244
8.4.4 Tapped C, Bottom-Grounded Feedback Network 245
8.4.5 Tuned Transformer 245
8.5 Amplitude-Limiting Methods 247
8.5.1 Automatic Gain Control 247
8.5.2 Clamp Biasing 247
8.5.3 Gain Reduction with Temperature-Dependent Resistors 248
8.5.4 Device Saturation with Tuned Output 248
8.6 Crystal-Controlled Oscillators 248
8.7 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 250
8.8 Time and Amplitude Jitter 254
8.9 Summary 255
Problems 255
Chapter 
257 
9.1 Signal-Mixing Mechanism 257
9.2 Diode Mixers 259
9.3 Transistor Mixers 261
9.4 JFET Mixers 262
9.5 Dual-Gate MOSFET Mixers 263
9.6 Image Frequency 265
9.6.1 Image Rejection 265
9.6.2 LC Tank Admittance 266
9.7 Summary 267
Problems 267
Chapter 
269 
10.1 PLL Operational Principles 269
10.2 Linear Model of PLL 270
10.2.1 Phase Detector Model 271
10.2.2 VCO Model 272
10.2.3 PLL Bandwidth 273
10.2.4 The Loop Filter Model 275
10.3 PLL Applications 276
10.3.1 Frequency Synthesizers 276
10.3.2 Clock and Data Recovery Units (CRU) 277
10.3.3 Tracking Filters 277
10.4 Summary 277
Problems 278
Chapter 
279 
11.1 The Need for Modulation 279
11.2 Amplitude Modulation 281
11.2.1 Trapezoidal Patterns and the Modulation Index 283
11.2.2 Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude-Modulated Signal 284
11.2.3 Average Power 284
11.2.4 Double-Sideband and Single-Sideband Modulation 286
11.2.4.1 Bandpass Filters for SSB Modulation 286
11.2.5 The Need for Frequency and Phase Synchronization 289
11.2.6 Amplitude Modulator Circuits 290
11.2.6.1 BJT AM Circuit 292
11.2.6.2 Class C AM Circuit 292
11.2.6.3 Balanced AM Circuits 293
11.2.6.4 Double-Balanced Diode Ring Modulator 294
11.2.6.5 Single-Balanced FET Modulator 295
11.2.6.6 Double-Balanced IC Modulator 296
11.3 Angle Modulation 297
11.3.1 Frequency Modulation 298
11.3.2 Phase Modulation 303
11.3.3 Angle Modulator Circuits 304
11.3.3.1 Reactance Modulator 304
11.3.3.2 Varicap Diode-Based Phase Modulator 306
11.4 PLL Modulator 307
11.5 Summary 308
Problems 308
Chapter 
310 
12.1 AM Demodulation Principles 310
12.2 Diode AM Envelope Detector 311
12.2.1 Ripple Factor 312
12.2.2 Detection Efficiency 313
12.2.3 Input Resistance 316
12.2.4 Distortion Factor 318
12.3 FM Wave Demodulation 320
12.3.1 Slope Detectors and FM Discriminators 322
12.3.1.1 Dual Slope Detector 323
12.3.1.2 Foster–Seeley Dual Slope Detector 323
12.3.2 Quadrature Detector 327
12.3.3 PLL Demodulator 330
12.4 Summary 330
Problems 331
Chapter 
333 
13.1 Basic Radio Receiver Topologies 333
13.2 Nonlinear Effects 335
13.2.1 Harmonic Distortion 337
13.2.1.1 Gain Compression 338
13.2.2 Inter-Modulation 339
13.2.3 Cross-Modulation 342
13.2.4 Image Frequency 343
13.3 Radio Receiver Specifications 345
13.3.1 Dynamic Range 345
13.3.1.1 Noise Floor 346
13.3.1.2 Sensitivity 346
13.4 Summary 347
Problems 348
Appendix 
349 
Appendix 
350 
Appendix 
351 
Appendix 
352 
Appendix 
354 
Appendix 
355 
Appendix 
356 
Bibliography 357
Glossary 359
Solutions 365
Index 390