Exploring Engineering (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Exploring Engineering: 
 
3 
Copyright Page 4
Dedication Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 12
The Structure of this Text 14
Acknowledgments 18
Minds-On 19
Chapter 1: What Engineers Do 21
1.1 Introduction 21
1.2 What Do Engineers Do? 21
1.3 What Makes a "Good" Engineer? 23
1.4 What This Book Covers 23
1.5 Personal and Professional Ethics 26
1.6 What Are Professional Ethics? 27
1.7 Engineering Ethics Decision Matrix 29
1.8 What You Should Expect from This Book 32
Summary 32
Exercises 33
Final Thoughts13 36
Chapter 2: Key Elements of Engineering Analysis 39
2.1 Engineering Analysis 39
2.2 The SI Unit System 40
2.3 Force, Weight, and Mass 43
2.4 Significant Figures 47
Summary 50
Exercises 50
Chapter 3: Solving Problems and Spreadsheet Analyses 55
3.1 The Need-Know-How-Solve Method 55
3.2 Spreadsheet Analysis 58
3.3 Graphing in Spreadsheets 66
Summary 68
Exercises 69
Chapter 4: Energy: Kinds, Conversion, and 
75 
4.1 Using Energy 75
4.2 Energy is the Capability to Do Work 76
4.3 Kinds of Energy 78
4.4 Energy Conversion 85
4.5 Conservation of Energy 86
Summary 90
Exercises 90
Chapter 5: Chemical Energy and Chemical Engineering 95
5.1 Chemical Energy Conversion 95
5.2 Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Reactions 96
5.3 The mol and the kmol 96
5.4 Stoichiometry 98
5.5 The Heating Value of Hydrocarbon Fuels 102
5.6 How Do You Make Chemical Fuels? 106
Summary 111
Exercises 111
Chapter 6: Mechanical Engineering 117
6.1 The Otto Cycle 117
6.2 Modeling the Power Output of the Otto Cycle 123
6.3 The Diesel Cycle 125
6.4 The Brayton Cycle 127
6.5 Motion 128
6.6 Improving the Otto, Diesel, and Brayton Cycles 129
6.7 Another Vision of the Future 131
Summary 133
Exercises 133
Chapter 7: Electrical Engineering 137
7.1 Electrical Circuits 137
7.2 Resistance, Ohm's Law, and the "Power Law" 140
7.3 Series and Parallel Circuits 141
7.4 Kirchhoff's Laws 145
7.5 Switches 149
Summary 152
Exercises 152
Chapter 8: Electrochemical Engineering and Alternate Energy Sources 157
8.1 Electrochemistry 157
8.2 Principles of Electrochemical Engineering 160
8.3 Lead-Acid Batteries 160
8.4 The Ragone Chart 163
8.5 Electrochemical Series 164
8.6 Advanced Batteries 167
8.7 Fuel Cells 167
8.8 Ultracapacitors 172
Summary 173
Exercises 173
Chapter 9: Logic and Computers 179
9.1 Moore's Law 179
9.2 Analog Computers 180
9.3 From Analog to Digital Computing 181
9.4 Binary Logic 181
9.5 Truth Tables 184
9.6 Decimal and Binary Numbers 186
9.7 Binary Arithmetic 188
9.8 Binary Codes 192
9.9 How Does a Computer Work? 192
Summary 195
Exercises 195
Chapter 10: Control System Design and Mechatronics 201
10.1 What Is Mechatronics? 201
10.2 Modeling the Control System as a Block Diagram 202
10.3 Selecting a Control Strategy 207
10.4 Transient Control Theory 211
10.5 Global Warming and Positive Feedback 214
10.6 Drive-by-Wire 216
10.7 Implementing the Chosen Strategy in Hardware 218
Summary 219
Exercises 220
Chapter 11: Materials Engineering 233
11.1 Choosing the Right Material 233
11.2 Strength 235
11.3 Defining Materials Requirements 239
11.4 Materials Selection 246
11.5 Properties of Modern Materials 248
Summary 250
Exercises 250
Chapter 12: Civil Engineering: The Art and Engineering of Bridge Design 255
12.1 The Beauty of Bridges 255
12.2 Free-Body Diagrams and Static Equilibrium 256
12.3 Structural Elements 258
12.4 Efficient Structures 261
12.5 The Method of Joints 263
12.6 Solution of Large Problems 265
12.7 Designing with Factors of Safety 270
Summary 273
Exercises 274
Chapter 13: Engineering Kinematics 281
13.1 What is Kinematics? 281
13.2 Distance, Speed, Time, and Acceleration 281
13.3 The Speed Versus Time Diagram 283
13.4 Applying Kinematics to the Highway On-Ramp Problem 285
13.5 General Equations of Kinematics 287
13.6 The Highway Capacity Diagram 287
13.7 The Rotational Kinematics of Gears 293
Summary 298
Exercises 298
Chapter 14: Bioengineering 303
14.1 What Do Bioengineers Do? 303
14.2 Biological Implications of Injuries to the Head 304
14.3 Why Collisions Can Kill 306
14.4 The Fracture Criterion 307
14.5 The Stress-Speed-Stopping Distance-Area Criterion 310
14.6 Criteria for Predicting Effects of Potential Accidents 312
Summary 314
Exercises 314
Chapter 15: Manufacturing Engineering 319
15.1 What is Manufacturing? 319
15.2 Early Manufacturing 320
15.3 Industrial Revolution 321
15.4 Manufacturing Processes 323
15.5 Modern Manufacturing 334
15.6 Variability, Deming, and Six Sigma 338
Summary 344
Exercises 344
Chapter 16: Engineering Economics 351
16.1 Why is Economics Important? 351
16.2 The Cost of Money 351
16.3 When Is an Investment Worth It? 356
Summary 358
Exercises 359
Hands-On 363
Chapter 17: Introduction to Engineering Design 365
17.1 The Nature of Engineering Design 365
17.2 Design Problems versus Homework Problems 366
17.3 Benefits of a Hands-On Design Project 366
17.4 Qualities of a Good Designer 366
17.5 How to Manage a Design Project 367
17.6 Two Ground Rules for Design 367
17.7 The Need for a Systematic Approach 369
17.8 Steps in the Engineering Design Process 370
17.9 Hands-on Design Exercise: The Tower 371
Chapter 18: Design Step 1: Defining the Problem 373
18.1 Problem Definition 373
18.2 List of Specifications 374
18.3 Design Milestone: Clarification of the Task 376
Chapter 19: Design Step 2: Generation of 
379 
19.1 Brainstorming 379
19.2 Concept Sketching 381
19.3 Hands-on Design Exercise: The Tube 383
19.4 Research-based Strategies for Promoting Creativity 383
19.5 Functional Decomposition for Complex Systems 384
19.6 Design Milestone: Generation of Alternatives 387
Chapter 20: Design Step 3: Evaluation of 
 
389 
20.1 Minimize the Information Content of the Design 389
20.2 Maintain the Independence of Functional Requirements 389
20.3 Design for Ease of Manufacture 392
20.4 Design for Robustness 393
20.5 Design for Adjustability 394
20.6 Hands-on Design Exercise: Waste Ball 396
20.7 The Decision Matrix 397
20.8 Design Milestone: Evaluation of Alternatives 402
Chapter 21: Design Step 4: Detailed Design 403
21.1 Analysis 403
21.2 Experiments 405
21.3 Models 408
21.4 Detailed Drawings 409
21.5 Design Milestone: Detailed Design 411
Chapter 22: Design Step 5: Design Defense 413
22.1 Design Milestone: Oral Design Defense 415
Chapter 23: Design Step 6: Manufacturing 
417 
23.1 Manufacturing and Testing Strategies 417
23.2 Materials 418
23.3 Joining Methods 419
23.4 Useful Hand Tools 420
23.5 Design Milestone: Design for Manufacture Assessment I 427
23.6 Design Milestone: Design for Manufacture Assessment II1 428
Chapter 24: Design Step 7: Performance 
429 
24.1 Individual Performance Testing 429
24.2 The Final Competition 430
24.3 Design Milestone: Individual Performance Testing11The instructor must tailor this milestone to the design project.... 430
Chapter 25: Design Step 8: Design Report 433
25.1 Organization of the Report 433
25.2 Writing Guidelines 434
25.3 Design Milestone: Design Report 435
Chapter 26: Examples of Design Competitions 437
26.1 Design Competition Example 1: A Bridge Too Far 437
26.2 Design Milestone Solutions for A Bridge Too Far 439
26.3 Official Rules for the A Bridge Too Far Design Competition 446
26.4 Design Competition Example 2: The Mars Meteorite Retriever Challenge 448
26.5 Some Design Milestones for the Mars Meteorite Retriever Challenge 449
26.6 Official Rules for the Mars Meteorite Retriever Challenge Design Competition 451
Chapter 27: Closing Remarks on the Important Role of Design Projects 453
Postface 455
Index 457