Newnes Interfacing Companion (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Part 1: Transducers 12
Chapter 1.1. Measurement systems 14
1.1.1 Transducers 15
1.1.2 Methods of measurement 16
1.1.3 Sensitivity 17
1.1.4 Zero, linearity and span 18
1.1.5 Resolution, hysteresis and error 19
1.1.6 Fourier analysis 20
1.1.7 Dynamic response 21
1.1.8 PID control 22
1.1.9 Accuracy and repeatability 23
1.1.10 Mechanical models 24
1.1.11 Review questions 25
Chapter 1.2. Temperature 26
1.2.1 Temperature 27
1.2.2 Standard thermometers 28
1.2.3 Industrial thermometers 29
1.2.4 Platinum resistance thermometer 30
1.2.5 Liquid-in-glass thermometer 31
1.2.6 Radiation pyrometer 32
1.2.7 Thermocouple 33
1.2.8 Thermistors 35
1.2.9 Relative humidity 36
1.2.10 Review questions 37
1.2.11 Activities 39
Chapter 1.3. Light 45
1.3.1 Light 46
1.3.2 Measuring light 47
1.3.3 Standards of measurement 48
1.3.4 Thermal detectors 49
1.3.5 Light dependent resistor 50
1.3.6 Photodiode 51
1.3.7 Other semiconductor photodetectors 52
1.3.8 Optical detectors 53
1.3.9 Photomultiplier 54
1.3.10 Review questions 55
Chapter 1.4. Position and motion 56
1.4.1 Mechanical switch 57
1.4.2 Potentiometric sensor 58
1.4.3 Capacitive transducer 59
1.4.4 LVDT 60
1.4.5 Angular velocity transducer 61
1.4.6 Position sensitive diode array 62
1.4.7 Motion control 63
1.4.9 Review questions 64
Chapter 1.5. Force, pressure and flow 65
1.5.1 Strain gauge 66
1.5.2 Force 68
1.5.3 Piezoelectric sensor instrumentation 69
1.5.4 Acceleration and vibration 70
1.5.5 Mass 71
1.5.6 Atmospheric pressure 72
1.5.7 Pressure 74
1.5.8 Industrial pressure measurement 75
1.5.9 Sound 76
1.5.10 Flow 77
1.5.11 Level 80
1.5.12 Review questions 81
Part 2: Interfacing 82
Chapter 2.1. Number systems 84
2.1.1 Binary number system 85
2.1.2 Decimal to binary conversion 86
2.1.3 Hexadecimal 87
2.1.4 Decimal to hex conversion 88
2.1.5 2’s complement 89
2.1.6 Signed numbers 90
2.1.7 Subtraction and multiplication 91
2.1.8 Binary coded decimal 92
2.1.9 Gray code 93
2.1.10 ASCII code 94
2.1.11 Boolean algebra 95
2.1.12 Digital logic circuits 96
2.1.13 Review questions 97
2.1.14 Activities 98
Chapter 2.2. Computer architecture 99
2.2.1 Computer architecture 100
2.2.2 Memory 101
2.2.3 Segmented memory 102
2.2.4 Memory data 103
2.2.5 Buffers 104
2.2.6 Latches 105
2.2.7 Flip-flop 106
2.2.8 Input/Output (I/O) 107
2.2.9 Microprocessor unit (MPU/CPU) 108
2.2.10 Registers 109
2.2.11 ROM 112
2.2.12 Interrupts 113
2.2.13 Memory map 115
2.2.14 Real and protected mode CPU operation 116
2.2.15 Review questions 118
2.2.16 Activities 119
Chapter 2.3. Assembly language 122
2.3.1 Instruction set 123
2.3.2 Assembly language 124
2.3.3 Program execution 125
2.3.4 Assembly language program structure 126
2.3.5 Assembler directives 127
2.3.6 Code segment 128
2.3.7 Assembly language shell program 129
2.3.8 Branching 130
2.3.9 Register and immediate addressing 131
2.3.10 Memory addressing 132
2.3.11 Indirect memory addressing 133
2.3.12 Indexed memory addressing 134
2.3.14 Interrupts 135
2.3.15 Review questions 136
2.3.16 Activities 137
Chapter 2.4. Interfacing 142
2.4.1 Interfacing 143
2.4.2 Input/Output ports 144
2.4.3 Polling 145
2.4.4 Interrupts 146
2.4.5 Direct memory access (DMA) 147
2.4.6 Serial port 148
2.4.7 Serial port addresses 149
2.4.8 Serial port registers 150
2.4.9 Serial port registers and interrupts 151
2.4.10 Serial port baud rate 152
2.4.11 Serial port operation 153
2.4.12 Parallel printer port 154
2.4.13 Parallel port registers 155
2.4.14 Parallel printer port operation 156
2.4.15 Review questions 157
Chapter 2.5. A to D and D to A conversions 158
2.5.1 Interfacing 159
2.5.2 The Nyquist criterion 160
2.5.3 Resolution and quantisation noise 161
2.5.4 Oversampling 162
2.5.5 Analog to digital converters 163
2.5.6 ADC (integrating method) 164
2.5.7 ADC (successive approximation) 165
2.5.8 Aperture error 166
2.5.9 ADC08xx chip 167
2.5.10 Sample-and-hold 168
2.5.11 Sample-and-hold control 169
2.5.12 Digital to analog conversion 170
2.5.13 DAC0800 171
2.5.14 Data acquisition board 172
2.5.15 Review questions 173
Chapter 2.6. Data communications 174
2.6.1 Communications 175
2.6.2 Byte to serial conversion 176
2.6.3 RS232 interface 177
2.6.4 Synchronisation 178
2.6.5 UART (6402) 179
2.6.7 Line drivers 181
2.6.8 UART clock 182
2.6.9 UART Master Reset 183
2.6.10 Null modem 184
2.6.11 Serial port BIOS services 185
2.6.12 Serial port operation in BASIC 186
2.6.13 Hardware handshaking 187
2.6.14 RS485 188
2.6.15 GPIB 189
2.6.16 USB 190
2.6.17 TCP/IP 192
2.6.18 Review questions 193
Chapter 2.7. Programmable logic controllers 194
2.7.1 Programmable logic controllers 195
2.7.2 Timing 196
2.7.3 Functional components 197
2.7.4 Programming 198
2.7.5 Ladder logic diagrams 199
2.7.6 PLC specifications 201
2.7.7 Review questions 202
Chapter 2.8. Data acquisition project 203
2.8.1 Serial data acquisition system 204
2.8.2 Circuit construction 206
2.8.3 Programming 212
2.8.4 Sample and hold 217
2.8.5 Digital to analog system 219
Part 3: Signal processing 222
Chapter 3.1. Transfer function 224
3.1.1 Instrumentation 225
3.1.2 Transfer function 226
3.1.3 Transforms 227
3.1.4 Laplace transform 228
3.1.5 Operator notation 229
3.1.6 Differential operator 230
3.1.7 Integrator – passive 231
3.1.8 Differentiator – passive 232
3.1.9 Transfer impedance 233
3.1.10 Review questions 234
3.1.11 Activities 235
Chapter 3.2. Active filters 238
3.2.1 Filters 239
3.2.2 T network filters 240
3.2.3 Twin-T filter 241
3.2.4 Active integrator/ differentiator 242
3.2.5 Integrator transfer function 243
3.2.6 Low pass filter – active 244
3.2.7 2nd order active filter 245
3.2.8 Double integrator 246
3.2.9 Bandpass filter – narrow 247
3.2.10 Differentiator transfer function 248
3.2.11 High pass filter – active 249
3.2.12 High pass filter – . domain 250
3.2.13 Bandpass filter – wide 251
3.2.14 Voltage gain and dB 252
3.2.15 Review questions 253
3.2.16 Activities 255
Chapter 3.3. Instrumentation amplifier 257
3.3.1 Difference amplifier 258
3.3.2 CMRR 259
3.3.3 Difference amplifier with voltage follower inputs 260
3.3.4 Difference amplifier with cross-coupled inputs 261
3.3.5 CMRR cross coupled inputs 262
3.3.6 Instrumentation amplifier 263
3.3.7 Log amplifier 264
3.3.8 Op-amp frequency response 265
3.3.9 Review questions 266
3.3.10 Activities 268
Chapter 3.4. Noise 272
3.4.1 Intrinsic noise 273
3.4.2 Environmental noise 274
3.4.3 Signal-to-noise ratio 275
3.4.4 Optical detectors 276
3.4.5 Lock-in amplifier 277
3.4.6 Correlation 278
3.4.7 Review questions 279
Chapter 3.5. Digital signal processing 280
3.5.1 Digital filters 281
3.5.2 Fourier series 282
3.5.3 Fourier transform 283
3.5.4 Sampling 284
3.5.5 Discrete Fourier transform 285
3.5.6 Filtering 286
3.5.7 Digital filtering (.-domain) 287
3.5.8 Convolution 288
3.5.9 Discrete convolution 289
3.5.10 Digital filtering (t-domain) 290
3.5.11 Example 291
3.5.12 Smoothing transfer function 292
3.5.13 Review questions 293
3.5.14 Activities 294
Index 296
Further reading 305
Parts list 306