Digital Signal Processing 101 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Digital Signal Processing 2
Copyright Page 3
Table of Contents 4
Introduction 9
Acknowledgments 11
Chapter 1: Numerical Representation 12
1.1. Integer Fixed-Point Representation 13
1.2. Fractional Fixed-Point Representation 15
1.3. Floating-Point Representation 18
Chapter 2: Complex Numbers and Exponentials 20
2.1. Complex Addition and Subtraction 20
2.2. Complex Multiplication 21
2.3. Complex Conjugate 26
2.4. The Complex Exponential 27
2.5. Measuring Angles in Radians 29
Chapter 3: Sampling, Aliasing, and Quantization 32
3.1. Nyquist Sampling Rule 36
3.2. Quantization 38
Chapter 4: Frequency Response 42
4.1. Frequency Response and the Complex Exponential 42
4.2. Normalizing Frequency Response 44
4.3. Sweeping across the Frequency Response 45
4.4. Example Frequency Responses 46
4.5. Linear Phase Response 48
4.6. Normalized Frequency Response Plots 49
Chapter 5: Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters 52
5.1. FIR Filter Construction 52
5.2. Computing Frequency Response 56
5.3. Computing Filter Coefficients 60
5.4. Effect of Number of Taps on Filter Response 63
Chapter 6: Windowing 68
6.1. Truncation of Coefficients 68
6.2. Tapering of Coefficients 69
6.3. Example Coefficient Windows 70
Chapter 7: Decimation and Interpolation 74
7.1. Decimation 74
7.2. Interpolation 78
7.3. Resampling by Non-Integer Value 81
Chapter 8: Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters 84
8.1. IIR and FIR Filter Characteristic Comparison 85
8.2. Bilinear Transform 87
8.3. Frequency Prewarping 89
Chapter 9: Complex Modulation and Demodulation 92
9.1. Modulation Constellations 92
9.2. Modulated Signal Bandwidth 95
9.3. Pulse-Shaping Filter 96
9.4. Raised Cosine Filter 99
Chapter 10: Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms (DFT, FFT) 108
10.1. DFT and IDFT Equations 109
10.2. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 117
10.3. Filtering Using the FFT and IFFT 121
10.4. Bit Growth in FFTs 122
10.5. Bit-Reversal Addressing 123
Chapter 11: Digital Upconversion and Downconversion 124
11.1. Digital Upconversion 125
11.2. Digital Downconversion 128
11.3. IF Subsampling 129
Chapter 12: Error Correction Coding 136
12.1. Linear Block Encoding 137
12.2. Linear Block Decoding 138
12.3. Minimum Coding Distance 141
12.4. Convolutional Encoding 142
12.5. Viterbi Decoding 145
12.6. Soft Decision Decoding 151
12.7. Cyclic Redundancy Check 152
12.8. Shannon Capacity and Limit Theorems 153
Chapter 13: Analog and TDMA Wireless Communications 154
13.1. Early Digital Innovations 155
13.2. Frequency Modulation 156
13.3. Digital Signal Processor 157
13.4. Digital Voice Phone Systems 158
13.5. TDMA Modulation and Demodulation 159
Chapter 14: CDMA Wireless Communications 162
14.1. Spread Spectrum Technology 162
14.2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 163
14.3. Walsh Codes 164
14.4. Concept of CDMA 166
14.5. Walsh Code Demodulation 166
14.6. Network Synchronization 169
14.7. RAKE Receiver 170
14.8. Pilot PN Codes 170
14.9. CDMA Transmit Architecture 171
14.10. Variable Rate Vocoder 173
14.11. Soft Handoff 174
14.12. Uplink Modulation 174
14.13. Power Control 175
14.14. Higher Data Rates 177
14.15. Spectral Efficiency Considerations 177
14.16. Other CDMA Technologies 178
Chapter 15: OFDMA Wireless Communications 180
15.1. WiMax and LTE 180
15.2. OFDMA Advantages 181
15.3. Orthogonality of Periodic Signals 182
15.4. Frequency Spectrum of Orthogonal Subcarrier 184
15.5. OFDM Modulation 186
15.6. Intersymbol Interference and the Cyclic Prefix 188
15.7. MIMO Equalization 191
15.8. OFDMA System Considerations 192
15.9. OFDMA Spectral Efficiency 193
15.10. OFDMA Doppler Frequency Shift 194
15.11. Peak to Average Ratio 194
15.12. Crest Factor Reduction 196
15.13. Digital Predistortion 199
15.14. Remote Radio Head 200
Chapter 16: Radar Basics 202
16.1. Radar Frequency Bands 202
16.2. Radar Antennas 203
16.3. Radar Range Equation 206
16.4. Stealth Aircraft 207
16.5. Pulsed Radar Operation 207
16.6. Pulse Compression 208
16.7. Pulse Repetition Frequency 208
16.8. Detection Processing 211
Chapter 17: Pulse Doppler Radar 212
17.1. Doppler Effect 212
17.2. Pulsed Frequency Spectrum 214
17.3. Doppler Ambiguities 216
17.4. Radar Clutter 217
17.5. PRF Trade-offs 219
17.6. Target Tracking 221
Chapter 18: Synthetic Array Radar 224
18.1. SAR Resolution 224
18.2. Pulse Compression 225
18.3. Azimuth Resolution 225
18.4. SAR Processing 229
18.5. SAR Doppler Processing 230
18.6. SAR Impairments 232
Chapter 19: Introduction to Video Processing 234
19.1. Color Spaces 234
19.2. Interlacing 236
19.3. Deinterlacing 236
19.4. Image Resolution and Bandwidth 238
19.5. Chroma Scaling 239
19.6. Image Scaling and Cropping 239
19.7. Alpha Blending and Compositing 240
19.8. Video Compression 240
19.9. Video Interfaces 241
Chapter 20: Implementation Using Digital Signal Processors 244
20.1. DSP Processor Architectural Enhancements 244
20.2. Scalability 249
20.3. Floating Point 249
20.4. Design Methodology 250
20.5. Managing Resources 250
20.6. Ecosystem 251
Chapter 21: Implementation Using FPGAs 254
21.1. FPGA Design Methodology 255
21.2. DSP Processor or FPGA Choice 256
21.3. Design Methodology Considerations 257
21.4. Dedicated DSP Circuit Blocks in FPGAs 258
21.5. Floating Point in FPGAs 264
21.6. Ecosystem 265
21.7. Future Trends 266
Appendix A: Q Format Shift with Fractional Multiplication 268
Appendix B: Evaluation of FIR Design Error Minimization 270
Appendix C: Laplace Transform 274
Appendix D: Z-Transform 278
Appendix E: Binary Field Arithmetic 282
Index 284