Oil Field Chemicals (eBook)

Cover 1
Oil Field Chemicals 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Chapter 1. Drilling Muds 12
Classification of Muds 12
Mud Compositions 15
Additives 22
Cuttings Removal by Sweep Materials 41
Junk Removal 41
Drilling Fluid Disposal 42
Characterization of Drilling Muds 42
Chapter 2. Fluid Loss Additives 45
Mechanism of Action of Fluid Loss Agents 45
Polysaccharides 50
Synthetic Polymers 55
Chapter 3. Clay Stabilization 69
Properties of Clays 69
Mechanisms Causing Instability 72
Inhibitors of Swelling 74
Chemicals in Detail 75
Chapter 4. Bit Lubricants 76
Refractory Metals 76
Natural Compounds 76
Chapter 5. Bacteria Control 78
Mechanisms of Growth 78
Treatments with Biocides 80
Bactericides 82
Various Biocides 83
Bacterial Corrosion 87
Assessment of Bacterial Corrosion 90
Mechanisms of Microbial Corrosion 91
Chapter 6. Corrosion Inhibitors 93
History 93
Classification of Corrosion Inhibitors 93
Fields of Application 93
Application Techniques 96
Analytic Procedures 96
Side Effects 98
Amides and Imidazolines 99
Nitrogenous Bases with Carboxylic Acids 102
Nitrogen Quaternaries 103
Polyoxylated Amines, Amides, and Imidazolines 103
Nitrogen Heterocyclics 109
Carbonyl Compounds 110
Phosphate Esters 111
Silicate-Based Inhibitors 111
Miscellaneous Inhibitors 93
Chapter 7. Scale Inhibitors 114
Scale Inhibition 114
Mathematical Models 115
Chemicals in Detail 115
Characterization 117
Chapter 8. Gelling Agents 119
Basic Mechanisms of Gelling Agents 119
Chapter 9. Filter-Cake Removal 131
Organic Acids 131
Bridging Agents 132
Enzymatic Breaker 133
Peroxides 134
Oligosaccharide 135
Oscillatory Flow 135
Chapter 10. Cement Additives 136
Basic Composition of Portland Cement 137
Special Cement Types 141
Classification of Cement Additives 146
Additives in Detail 146
Chapter 11. Transport 163
Pretreatment of the Products 163
Corrosion Control 167
Paraffin Inhibitors 170
Pour Point Depressants 170
Drag Reducers 171
Hydrate Control 173
Additives for Slurry Transport 174
Additives for Odorization 175
Cleaning 175
Chapter 12. Drag Reducers 177
Operating Costs 177
Mechanism of Drag Reducers 178
Drag Reducers in Detail 182
Chapter 13. Gas Hydrate Control 185
The Relevance of Gas Hydrates 185
Inclusion Compounds, Clathrates 185
Conditions for Formation 188
Formation and Properties of Gas Hydrates 189
Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation 191
Hydrate Inhibitors for Drilling Fluids 193
Chapter 14. Antifreeze Agents 194
Theory of Action-Colligative Laws 194
Overview of Antifreeze Chemicals 195
Heat-Transfer Liquids 196
Hydraulic Cement Additives 202
Pipeline Transportation of Aqueous Emulsions of Oil 202
Low-Temperature Drilling Fluids 202
Chapter 15. Odorization 203
Additives for Odorization 203
Measurement and Odor Monitoring 203
Uses and Properties 205
Chapter 16. Enhanced Oil Recovery 207
Waterflooding 208
Caustic Waterflooding 208
Acid Flooding 210
Emulsion Flooding 211
Chemical Injection 214
Polymer Waterflooding 216
Combination Flooding 217
Foam Flooding 219
Carbon Dioxide Flooding 224
Steamflooding 225
In Situ Combustion 226
Special Techniques 226
Microbial-Enhanced Oil-Recovery Techniques 228
Reservoir Properties 239
Soil Remediation 243
Chapter 17. Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids 244
Stresses and Fractures 244
Comparison of Stimulation Techniques 245
Basic Constituents 246
Types of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids 247
Characterization of Fracturing Fluids 249
Water-Based Systems 251
Oil-Based Systems 276
Foam-Based Fracturing Fluids 278
Fracturing in Coal-Beds 279
Propping Agents 279
Acid Fracturing 282
Special Problems 283
Chapter 18. Water Shutoff 287
Basic Principles 287
Chemicals for Water Shutoff 287
Chapter 19. Oil Spill–Treating Agents 303
History 303
Chapter 20. Dispersants 320
Cement 320
Aqueous Drilling Muds 322
Miscellaneous 326
Chapter 21. Defoamers 327
Uses in Petroleum Technology 327
Classification of Defoamers 328
Theory of Defoaming 330
Chapter 22. Demulsifiers 336
Emulsions in Produced Crude Oil 336
Waterflooding 337
Oil Spill Treatment 337
Desired Properties 337
Mechanisms of Demulsification 337
Performance Testing 338
Classification of Demulsifiers 339
Chemicals in Detail 341
References 356
Index 493