Nanochemistry (eBook)

Cover 1
Nanochemistry 4
Foreword 6
Dedication 7
Preface 8
Introduction 10
Contents 12
Survey of the Problem and Certain Definitions 14
Synthesis and Stabilization of Nanoparticles 20
Chemical Reduction 21
Reactions in Micelles, Emulsions, and Dendrimers 25
Photochemical and Radiation Chemical Reduction 29
Cryochemical Synthesis 33
Physical Methods 43
Particles of Various Shapes and Films 45
Experimental Techniques 50
Electron Microscopy 51
Transmission electron microscopy 51
Scanning electron microscopy 51
Probe Microscopy 52
Diffraction Techniques 55
X-ray diffraction 55
Neutron diffraction 56
Miscellaneous Techniques 56
EXAFS 56
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 56
Mass spectrometry 57
Photoelectron spectroscopy 57
Comparison of Spectral Techniques used for Elemental Analysis 57
Cryochemistry of Metal Atoms and Nanoparticles 60
Reactions of Magnesium Particles 60
Grignard reactions 60
Activation of small molecules 64
Explosive reactions 66
Silver and Other Metals 70
Stabilization by polymers 70
Stabilization by mesogenes 78
Reactions of Rare-Earth Elements 82
Activity, Selectivity, and Size Effects 88
Reactions at superlow temperatures 88
Reactions of silver particles of various sizes and shapes 96
Theoretical Methods 100
General remarks 100
Simulation of the structure of mixed metallic particles 102
Simulation of properties of intercalation compounds 105
Simulation of structural elements of organometallic co-condensates 107
Chemical Nanoreactors 112
General Remarks 112
Alkali and Alkali-Earth Elements 116
Transition Metals of Groups III–VII in the Periodic Table 125
Elements of the Group VIII of the Periodic System 134
Subgroups of Copper and Zinc 144
Subgroup of Boron and Arsenic 150
Assemblies Involving Nanoparticles 154
Group of Carbon 160
Fine Particles of Carbon and Silicon 160
Fullerenes 161
Carbon Nanotubes 163
Filling of tubes 164
Grafting of functional groups. Tubes as matrices 165
Intercalation of atoms and molecules into multi-walled tubes 167
Size Effects in Nanochemistry 170
Models of Reactions of Metal Atoms in Matrices 170
Melting Point 172
Optical Spectra 175
Kinetic Peculiarities of Chemical Processes on the Surface of Nanoparticles 181
Thermodynamic Features of Nanoparticles 183
Nanoparticles in Science and Technology 188
Catalysis on Nanoparticles 188
Oxide Reactions 197
Semiconductors, Sensors, and Electronic Devices 201
Photochemistry and Nanophotonics 210
Applications of CNTs 212
Nanochemistry in Biology and Medicine 215
Conclusion 222
References 228
Subject Index 260