Fluid Flow for Chemical Engineers (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
List of examples 10
Preface to the second edition 12
Nomenclature 13
Chapter 1. Fluids in motion 18
1.1 Units and dimensions 18
1.2 Description of fluids and fluid flow 18
1.3 Types of flow 21
1.4 Conservation of mass 24
1.5 Energy relationships and the Bernoulli equation 26
1.6 Momentum of a flowing fluid 34
1.7 Stress in fluids 44
1.8 Sign conventions for stress 53
1.9 Stress components 60
1.10 Volumetric flow rate and average velocity in a pipe 62
1.11 Momentum transfer in laminar flow 63
1.12 Non-Newtonian behaviour 65
1.13 Turbulence and boundary layers 72
Chapter 2. Flow of incompressible Newtonian fluids in pipes and channels 87
2.1 Reynolds number and flow patterns in pipes and tubes 87
2.2 Shear stress in a pipe 88
2.3 Friction factor and pressure drop 88
2.4 Pressure drop in fittings and curved pipes 97
2.5 Equivalent diameter for non-circular pipes 101
2.6 Velocity profile for laminar Newtonian flow in a pipe 102
2.7 Kinetic energy in laminar flow 103
2.8 Velocity distribution for turbulent flow in a pipe 103
2.9 Universal velocity distribution for turbulent flow in a pipe 106
2.10 Flow in open channels 111
Chapter 3. Flow of incompressible non-Newtonian fluids in pipes 113
3.1 Elementary viscometry 113
3.2 Rabinowitsch–Mooney equation 119
3.3 Calculation of flow rate-pressure drop relationship for laminar flow using t-y data 125
3.4 Wall shear stress–flow characteristic curves and scale-up for laminar flow 127
3.5 Generalized Reynolds number for flow in pipes 131
3.6 Turbulent flow of inelastic non-Newtonian fluids in pipes 132
3.7 Power law fluids 135
3.8 Pressure drop for Bingham plastics in laminar flow 140
3.9 Laminar flow of concentrated suspensions and apparent slip at the pipe wall 142
3.10 Viscoelasticity 148
Chapter 4. Pumping of liquids 157
4.1 Pumps and pumping 157
4.2 System heads 157
4.3 Centrifugal pumps 160
4.4 Centrifugal pump relations 169
4.5 Centrifugal pumps in series and in parallel 173
4.6 Positive displacement pumps 176
4.7 Pumping efficiencies 177
4.8 Factors in pump selection 179
Chapter 5. Mixing of liquids in tanks 181
5.1 Mixers and mixing 181
5.2 Small blade high speed agitators 182
5.3 Large blade low speed agitators 187
5.4 Dimensionless groups for mixing 190
5.5 Power curves 191
5.6 Scale-up of liquid mixing systems 198
5.7 The purging of stirred tank systems 202
Chapter 6. Flow of compressible fluids in conduits 206
6.1 Energy relationships 206
6.2 Equations of state 210
6.3 Isothermal flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe 212
6.4 Non-isothermal flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe 216
6.5 Adiabatic flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe 217
6.6 Speed of sound in a fluid 219
6.7 Maximum flow rate in a pipe of constant cross-sectional area 220
6.8 Adiabatic stagnation temperature for an ideal gas 222
6.9 Gas compression and compressors 223
6.10 Compressible flow through nozzles and constrictions 226
Chapter 7. Gas–liquid two-phase flow 236
7.1 Flow patterns and flow regime maps 236
7.2 Momentum equation for two-phase flow 241
7.3 Flow in bubble columns 244
7.4 Slug flow in vertical tubes 252
7.5 The homogeneous model for two-phase flow 256
7.6 Two-phase multiplier 266
7.7 Separated flow models 268
Chapter 8. Flow measurement 285
8.1 Flowmeters and flow measurement 285
8.2 Head flowmeters in closed conduits 287
8.3 Head flowmeters in open conduits 295
8.4 Mechanical and electromagnetic flowmeters 299
8.5 Scale errors in flow measurement 301
Chapter 9. Fluid motion in the presence of solid particles 305
9.1 Relative motion between a fluid and a single particle 305
9.2 Relative motion between a fluid and a concentration particles 309
9.3 Fluid flow through packed beds 311
9.4 Fluidization 315
9.5 Slurry transport 317
9.6 Filtration 320
Chapter 10. Introduction to unsteady flow 322
10.1 Quasi-steady flow 322
10.2 Incremental calculation: time to discharge an ideal gas from a tank 325
10.3 Time for a solid spherical particle to reach 99 per cent its terminal velocity when falling from rest in the Stokes regime 328
10.4 Suddenly accelerated plate in a Newtonian fluid 329
10.5 Pressure surge in pipelines 334
Appendix I. The Navier–Stokes equations 339
Appendix II. Further problems 349
Answers to problems 362
Conversion factors 365
Friction factor charts 366
Index 368