Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 5
About the author 20
Contributors 21
Preface 23
1. System Studies 25
1.1 Introduction 25
1.2 Load Flow 25
1.3 System Stability 32
1.4 Short Circuit Analysis 66
2. Drawings and Diagrams 74
2.1 Introduction 74
2.2 Block Diagrams 74
2.3 Schematic Diagrams 75
2.4 Manufacturers' Drawings 79
2.5 Computer Aided Design (CAD) 92
2.6 Case Study 93
2.7 Graphical Symbols 94
Appendix A - Relay Identification – Numerical Codes 95
Device number, definition and function 95
Suffix letters 101
Appendix B - Comparison Between German, British, US/Canadian and International Symbols 106
3. Substation Layouts 116
3.1 Introduction 116
3.2 Substation Design Considerations 116
3.3 Alternative Layouts 119
3.4 Space Requirements 130
4. Substation Auxiliary Power Supplies 139
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 DC Supplies 139
4.3 Batteries 149
4.4 AC Supplies 158
5. Current and Voltage Transformers 171
5.1 Introduction 171
5.2 Current Transformers 171
5.3 Voltage Transformers 179
6. Insulators 184
6.1 Introduction 184
6.2 Insulator Materials 184
6.3 Insulator Types 185
6.4 Pollution Control 191
6.5 Insulator Specification 195
6.6 Tests 200
7. Substation Building Services 203
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Lighting 203
7.3 Distribution Characterization 220
7.4 Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning 223
7.5 Fire Detection and Suppression 230
8. Earthing and Bonding 238
8.1 Introduction 238
8.2 Design Criteria 239
8.3 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology 244
8.4 Computer Generated Results 252
References 257
9. Insulation Co-ordination 258
9.1 Introduction 258
9.2 System Voltages 258
9.3 Clearances 269
9.4 Procedures for Co-ordination 271
9.5 Surge Protection 272
References 289
10. Relay Protection 290
10.1 Introduction 290
10.2 System Configurations 291
10.3 Power System Protection Principles 295
10.4 Current Relays 298
10.5 Differential Protection Schemes 313
10.6 Distance Relays 327
10.7 Auxillary Relays 340
10.8 Computer Assisted Grading Exercise 349
10.9 Practical Distribution Network Case Study 350
11. Fuses and Miniature Circuit Breakers 360
11.1 Introduction 360
11.2 Fuses 360
11.3 Fuse Operation 374
11.4 Miniature Circuit Breakers 383
References 391
12. Cables 392
12.1 Introduction 392
12.2 Codes and Standards 392
12.3 Types of Cables and Materials 395
12.4 Cable Sizing 407
12.5 Calculations of Losses in Cables 427
12.6 Fire Properties of Cables 428
12.7 Control and Communication Cables 431
12.8 Cable Management Systems 440
References 452
13. Switchgear 453
13.1 Introduction 453
13.2 Terminology and Standards 453
13.3 Switching 455
13.4 Arc Quenching Media 477
13.5 Operating Mechanisms 489
13.6 Equipment Specifications 495
14. Power Transformers 514
14.1 Introduction 514
14.2 Standards and Principles 514
14.3 Voltage, Impedance and Power Rating 532
14.4 Thermal Design 546
14.5 Constructional Aspects 556
14.6 Accessories 567
References 577
15. Substation and Overhead Line Foundations 579
15.1 Introduction 579
15.2 Soil Investigations 579
15.3 Foundation Types 580
15.4 Foundation Design 589
15.5 Site Works 589
16. Overhead Line Routing 599
16.1 Introduction 599
16.2 Routing Objectives 599
16.3 Preliminary Routing 601
16.4 Detailed Line Survey and Profile 605
17. Structures, Towers and Poles 610
17.1 Introduction 610
17.2 Environmental Conditions 611
17.3 Structure Design 623
17.4 Pole and Tower Types 635
References 642
18. Overhead Line Conductor and Technical Specifications 643
18.1 Introduction 643
18.2 Environmental Conditions 643
18.3 Conductor Selection 644
18.4 Calculated Electrical Ratings 652
18.5 Design Spans, Clearences and Loadings 663
18.6 Overhead Line Fittings 685
18.7 Overhead Line Impedance 689
18.8 Substation Busbar Selection - Case Study 692
References 701
19. Testing and Commissioning 704
19.1 Introduction 704
19.2 Quality Assurance 704
19.3 Works Inspections and Testing 709
19.4 Site Inspection and Testing 710
19.5 Testing and Commissioning Methods 715
Appendix A - Commissioning Test Procedure Requirements 747
Appendix B - Drawings, Diagrams and Manuals 748
20. Electromagnetic Compatibility 750
20.1 Introduction 750
20.2 Standards 751
20.3 Testing 751
20.4 Screening 758
20.5 Typical Useful Formulae 763
20.6 Case Studies 766
References 771
21. System Control and Data Acquisition 772
21.1 Introduction 772
21.2 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) 772
21.3 Power Line Carrier Communication Links 782
21.4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 790
21.5 Software Management 796
References 807
22. Project Management 808
22.1 Introduction 808
22.2 Project Evaluation 808
22.3 Financing 820
22.4 Project Phases 824
22.5 Terms and Conditions of Contract 831
22.6 Tendering 839
22.7 Model Forms of Contract - Exercise 843
Appendix A - Project Definition/Questionnaire 845
Schedule A - Client/Consultant Data 846
Schedule B - Local Information 860
Schedule C - Project Information 862
Appendix B - Bidding Checklist 869
A Initial Contractor Preselection 869
B The Client/The Contractor 869
C Compeition 870
D Technical Specifications 870
E Quality Assurance 870
F Delivery 871
G Payments 871
H Estimates 872
I Documentation 872
J Terms and Conditions of Contract 872
23. Distribution Planning 873
23.1 Introduction 873
23.2 Definitions 875
23.3 Load Forecasting 887
23.4 System Parameters 894
23.5 System Reliability 901
23.6 Drawings and Materials Take Off 911
24. Harmonics in Power Systems 912
24.1 Introduction 912
24.2 The Nature of Harmonics 912
24.3 The Generation of Harmonics 913
24.4 The Effects of Harmonics 918
24.5 The Limitation of Harmonics 924
24.6 Ferroresonance and Subharmonics 927
References 931
25. Fundamentals 932
25.1 Introduction 932
25.2 Symbols and Nomenclature 932
25.3 Alternating Quantities 938
25.4 Vector Representation 941
25.5 Vector Algebra 946
25.6 Sequence Components 950
25.7 Network Fault Analysis 956
25.8 Design Optimization 968
References 990
Index 993