Passive Optical Networks (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 8
Dedication Page 6
List of Acronyms 14
List of Figures 22
List of Tables 36
Preface 38
Acknowledgments 40
List of Contributors 42
Chapter 1: Introduction 46
1.1 History of Broadband Access Networks and PON 46
1.1.1 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 47
1.1.2 Cable Modem 48
1.1.3 Fiber Access Systems 52
1.1.4 Ethernet 53
1.1.5 WDM in Optical Access Networks 56
1.1.6 Killer Applications 56
1.2 Economic Considerations in PON Development 57
1.2.1 How Much Bandwidth Is Enough? 57
1.2.2 Policy and Regulation Influence 58
1.2.3 Standardization Efforts 59
1.2.4 Cost Considerations 59
1.3 Organization of the Book 60
References 61
Chapter 2: PON Architectures Review 64
2.1 FTTx Overview 64
2.2 TDM-PON vs WDM-PON 65
2.3 Optical Transmission System 66
2.3.1 Optical Fiber 66
2.3.2 Chromatic Dispersion 68
2.3.3 Fiber Loss 70
2.3.4 Bidirectional Transmission 71
2.3.5 Wavelength Division Duplex 72
2.4 Power-Splitting Strategies in a TDM-PON 74
2.4.1 Splitting Architectures 74
2.4.2 Splitting Ratio 75
2.5 Standard Commercial TMD-PON Infrastructure 75
2.5.1 OLT and ONU Structures 76
2.5.2 Burst Mode Operation and Ranging 78
2.5.3 C-Band Analog CATV Signal Overlay 80
2.5.4 Security Concerns in Power-Splitting PON 81
2.6 APON/BPON and G-PON 82
2.6.1 ATM-PON and ITU-T G.983 82
2.6.2 Collision Resolution in APON/G-PON 87
2.6.3 Wavelength Overlay in APON/G-PON 87
2.6.4 G-PON and ITU-T G.984 88
2.6.5 APON/G-PON Protection Switching 99
2.7 EPON 99
2.7.1 Ethernet Layering Architecture and EPON 99
2.7.2 EPON PMD Layer 101
2.7.3 Burst Mode Operation and Loop Timing in EPON 101
2.7.4 PCS Layer and Forward Error Correction 104
2.7.5 Ethernet Framing 104
2.7.6 Multipoint Control Protocol (MPCP) 105
2.7.7 Point-to-Point Emulation (P2PE) in EPON 110
2.7.8 EPON Encryption and Protection 112
2.7.9 Ethernet OAM Sublayer 113
2.8 G-PON and EPON Comparison 114
2.9 Super PON 115
2.10 WDM-PON 116
2.10.1 Advantages and Challenges of WDM-PON 117
2.10.2 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) Router 117
2.10.3 Broadcast Emulation and Point-to-Point Operation 119
2.10.4 2-PONs-In-1 119
2.10.5 WDM-on-WDM 120
2.10.6 Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON 121
2.10.7 Multiply Fiber Plant Utility by WDM 125
2.11 Summary 129
References 129
Chapter 3: Optical Technologies in Passive Optical Access Networks 132
3.1 Introduction 132
3.2 Optical Technologies in Passive Outside Plant 136
3.2.1 Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC)-Based Optical Power Splitter 136
3.2.2 Arrayed Waveguide Grating 138
3.3 PON Technologies for Indoor Installation 153
3.3.1 Field Assembly and Indoor Connectors 153
3.3.2 Fiber for Indoor Installations 157
3.4 Transmitter Sources at Subscriber Premises 165
3.4.1 Introduction 165
3.4.2 Wavelength-Specific ONUs 167
3.4.3 Colorless ONUs 174
3.4.4 Source-Free ONUs Based on Wavelength Reuse Schemes 182
3.5 Summary 186
References 188
Chapter 4: Transceivers for Passive Optical Networks 196
4.1 Introduction 196
4.1.1 Historical Background 197
4.1.2 PON Transceiver Evolution 198
4.2 PON System Requirements 199
4.2.1 PON System Power Budgets and Specifications 199
4.2.2 Physical-Layer Specifications 200
4.2.3 PON Burst-Mode Timing Requirements 201
4.3 Transceiver Technologies 206
4.3.1 Transceiver Building Blocks 207
4.3.2 Optical Transmit and Receive Devices 208
4.3.3 Bidirectional Optical Subassembly (BOSA) 212
4.3.4 PON Transceiver Modules 217
4.4 Burst-Mode Electronics 219
4.4.1 Conventional vs Burst-Mode Data 219
4.4.2 Burst-Mode Transmitter (BM Tx) 220
4.4.3 Burst-Mode Receiver (BM Rx) 226
4.5 Transceiver Digital-Diagnostic Monitoring 232
4.5.1 Module Parameter Monitoring 233
4.5.2 Fiber OTDR Monitoring 237
4.6 PON Transceiver System Evaluation 241
4.6.1 G-PON Transceiver System Evaluation 242
4.6.2 EPON Transceivers 247
4.6.3 Impact of Analog CATV Overlay 250
4.7 Summary and Outlook 252
References 254
Chapter 5: Ranging and Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 260
5.1 Ranging 260
5.1.1 Purpose of Ranging 260
5.1.2 Ranging Procedures Overview 261
5.1.3 Ranging Protocol of G-PON 263
5.1.4 Ranging Protocol of EPON 265
5.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) 266
5.2.1 DBA Overview 266
5.2.2 Target Service 267
5.2.3 Requirements of DBA 269
5.2.4 Traffic Control Fundamentals„Fair Queuing 271
5.2.5 IPACT and its Variants 273
5.2.6 Improved DBA 276
References 286
Chapter 6: Protection Architectures for Passive Optical Networks 288
6.1 Introduction 288
6.2 Considerations of Protection in Passive Optical Networks 289
6.2.1 Protection or Restoration 290
6.2.2 Network Topology 290
6.2.3 Network Type 291
6.2.4 Resources To Be Protected 291
6.2.5 Single or Multiple Failures 292
6.2.6 Automatic Protection Switching 292
6.2.7 Operation, Administration, and Management 292
6.2.8 Traffic Restoration Time 292
6.2.9 Complexity 293
6.3 Protection Architectures 293
6.3.1 Conventional Passive Optical Networks 293
6.3.2 WDM Passive Optical Networks 298
6.4 Summary 306
Acknowledgments 309
References 309
Chapter 7: Optical Characterization, Diagnosis, and Performance Monitoring for PON 312
7.1 Introduction 312
7.2 Network Testing, Characterization, and Monitoring Challenges for PON 314
7.2.1 Fiber’s Key Characteristics 314
7.2.2 Characterization and Monitoring Challenges for PON 316
7.3 Methods for Characterization, Diagnosis, and Monitoring 320
7.3.1 Required Physical-Layer Measurement 320
7.3.2 Basic Test Equipment 320
7.3.3 Network Testing, Characterization, and Diagnosis Guidelines 322
7.3.4 Network Performance Monitoring 323
7.4 Conclusion 341
Acknowledgments 341
References 341
Appendix I: G-PON PMD Characteristics 346
Appendix II: EPON MPCPDU Formats 356
Index 360