The last 20 years has seen a rapid increase in infectious diseases, particularly those that are termed 'emerging diseases' such as SARS, 'neglected diseases' such as malaria and those that are deemed biothreats such as anthrax. It is well-recognized that the most effective modality for preventing infectious diseases is vaccination. This book provides researchers with a better understanding of what is currently known about these diseases, including whether there is a vaccine available or under development. It also informs readers of the key issues in development of a vaccine for each disease.
* Provides a comprehensive treatise of the agents that are responsible for emerging and neglected diseases and those that can be used as biothreats* Includes the processes such as the vaccine development pathway, vaccine manufacturing and regulatory issues that are critical to the generation of these vaccines to the marketplace
* Each chapter will include a map of the world showing where that particular disease is naturally found
Drs. Stanberry and Barrett are highly respected authorities in vaccine development. Dr. Barrett researches tropical virus diseases such as dengue, West Nile, yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. He has made important contributions to molecular aspects of immunogens and preclinical development of candidate vaccines for these diseases, and studies on the current yellow fever 17D vaccine. Dr Stanberry focuses on sexually transmitted diseases research and has made important contributions in the area of tropical microbicides an in herpes simplex virus pathogenesis, immunobiology, and antiviral therapy. He has played major roles in the pre-clinical and clinical assessment of many of the herpes vaccines currently in development.
The last 20 years has seen a rapid increase in infectious diseases, particularly those that are termed "e;emerging diseases"e; such as SARS, "e;neglected diseases"e; such as malaria and those that are deemed biothreats such as anthrax. It is well-recognized that the most effective modality for preventing infectious diseases is vaccination. This book provides researchers with a better understanding of what is currently known about these diseases, including whether there is a vaccine available or under development. It also informs readers of the key issues in development of a vaccine for each disease. Provides a comprehensive treatise of the agents that are responsible for emerging and neglected diseases and those that can be used as biothreats Includes the processes such as the vaccine development pathway, vaccine manufacturing and regulatory issues that are critical to the generation of these vaccines to the marketplace Each chapter will include a map of the world showing where that particular disease is naturally found
Front Cover 1
Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 18
Foreword 20
Contributors 24
SECTION I: BIOTHREATS AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES 30
Chapter 1. Agents of Emerging Infectious Diseases 32
Introduction 33
Emerging infectious diseases since 1967 34
Emerging infections causing acute respiratory infections 34
Viral pulmonary syndromes 34
Bacterial pulmonary syndromes 37
Emerging encephalitic syndromes 39
Arthropod transmitted bacterial diseases 40
Emerging enteric pathogens 41
Other emerging bacterial pathogens 43
Group A & #946
Emerging chronic viral diseases 44
Bioterrorism as a mechanism of emergence of infectious disease 46
Rationale for vaccines against emerging infectious diseases 47
The challenge of developing vaccines against emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases 48
Chapter 2. Bacterial Biothreat Agents 50
Introduction 50
Past uses of bacterial pathogens to deliberately cause disease 52
Potential for airborne bacterial pathogens to cause disease 53
Vaccines and antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of disease 54
Available vaccines against bacterial biothreat agents 55
New vaccines and new vaccine technologies 56
Conclusions 57
Chapter 3. Viral Biothreat Agents 62
Introduction 62
The spectrum of biological threats 64
Viruses of concern 65
Preparedness 69
Conclusions 69
SECTION II: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF VACCINOLOGY 72
Chapter 4. Vaccine Development Pathway 74
Introduction 74
Market need 75
Basic science discoveries 76
Concept development 77
Create prototype product 77
Preclinical assessment 78
Manufacturing scale-up and current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) 78
Investigational new drug (IND) application 79
Clinical assessment (phase 1, 2, and 3 testing) 79
BLA-licensure 80
Immunization recommendations/implementation 80
Post-marketing surveillance 81
Chapter 5. Immunology of Vaccines: Consideration of the Neonate as a Target for Vaccination 84
Introduction 85
Neonatal responses to vaccination: lessons from animal models 86
Chapter 6. Molecular Approaches to Bacterial Vaccines 92
Reverse vaccinology 93
Functional genomics and proteomics 94
Bacterial cell surface display systems 95
Novel delivery systems 96
Genetic approaches 98
Conclusions 103
Chapter 7. Viral Vectors 106
Introduction 107
Adenovirus 108
Adeno-associated virus 110
Alphaviruses 110
Newcastle disease virus 111
Poxviruses 112
Vesicular stomatitis virus 113
Other viruses 114
Conclusions 114
Chapter 8. DNA Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases 122
Introduction 123
Advancements in DNA vaccine technology 123
Representative DNA vaccines for biodefense and emerging infectious diseases 125
Conclusions 136
Chapter 9. Vaccine Adjuvants 144
The requirement for vaccine adjuvants 145
Freund's adjuvant and aluminum salts 147
Adjuvant mechanisms 148
Additional adjuvant characteristics and mechanisms 151
Side effects of widely used human adjuvants 153
Chapter 10. Preclinical Vaccine Development: Implementing the Food and Drug Administration's Good Laboratory Practices in a Biocontainment Environment—A University BSL3/BSL4 Laboratory Perspective 160
Introduction 161
History, intent, and penalties—why regulate? 162
Application and scope—when and why should compliance with the GLP regulations be implemented? 163
Organization and personnel—who does what and how do we know they can do that job? 165
Facilities—what makes a laboratory suitable for GLP? 168
Equipment 168
Testing facilities operation—how do we do what we do? 170
Test and control articles—what are we testing and how do we handle it? 171
Study conduct—the experimental plan 171
Records and reports—what did we do and what did we find? 172
Disqualification of testing facilities—what happens if we get it wrong? 173
Conclusions 173
Chapter 11. Manufacturing Vaccines for an Emerging Viral Infection–Specific Issues Associated with the Development of a Prototype SARS Vaccine 176
Introduction 177
Role of international collaboration and U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)—lessons learned 177
Prior to the start of the laboratory work 178
Starting the laboratory work: first steps 179
The production process 180
Animal models 182
Regulatory approval process—some unique aspects of SARS and other emerging diseases 182
Conclusions 184
Chapter 12. Clinical Trials of Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases 186
Introduction 187
Historical considerations 187
Stages of vaccine development 188
Clinical trial protocol development 192
Conclusions 197
Chapter 13. The US Food and Drug Administration Pre-IND and IND Process for Vaccines 200
Introduction 201
Regulatory overview 201
Communications with the FDA 203
The content of the IND 206
Electronic INDs 214
INDs in common technical document format 215
Maintenance of the IND 215
Preparing for the license application 216
Conclusions 216
Chapter 14. U.S. Regulatory Issues Related to Vaccines against Emerging Infectious Diseases 220
Introduction 221
Nonregulatory issues impacting U.S. development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases 221
Overview of the U.S. vaccine regulatory review process 224
Special regulatory pathways that can address emerging infectious diseases vaccine issues 232
Conclusions 236
Chapter 15. Vaccine Safety 240
Rational safety 241
Assessing safety 242
Safety through dialogue and education 243
Problems inherent to a product 244
Expanded use 245
Cause and effect? 245
Planning applied to pandemic influenza 247
Risk communication 249
Chapter 16. Special Issues around Veterinary Vaccines 254
Maximizing strength and duration of protective immunity 255
Enhancing food safety with improved vaccines 262
Optimizing vaccination protocols 269
Strategizing the use of animal vaccines for protecting the public 276
Chapter 17. Misinformation about Vaccines 284
Introduction 285
Missing information 286
Missing information can evolve into misinformation 287
Immunization mandates 289
Misinformers 290
Dissemination of misinformation 291
Misinformation content 292
The consequences of misinformation 294
Vaccine misinformation is a global problem 295
Fighting with the Boogeyman: countering misinformation about vaccine safety 295
Chapter 18. Vaccines for Military Application 300
Introduction 301
History redux: smallpox 301
Vaccines used routinely and in recruit training settings 304
Vaccines useful for specific deployments and alert forces 308
Conclusions 310
SECTION III: VIRAL VACCINES 314
Chapter 19. Dengue 316
Introduction 317
History of dengue disease 317
Etiologic agent 318
Protective immune response 319
Epidemiology 322
Clinical disease 324
Treatment 326
Pathogenesis 327
Vaccines 330
Prospects for the future 341
Key issues 342
Chapter 20. Ebola and Marburg 354
Introduction 355
Antigens encoded by agent 355
Epidemiology 356
Clinical disease, pathogenesis, and treatment 356
Vaccines 357
Vaccines in development 358
Prospects: pharmacology and toxicology of vaccines and vaccine vectors 361
Prospects for the future 362
Key issues 362
Chapter 21. Alphaviral Encephalitides 368
Introduction 369
Short history of the diseases 369
Etiologic agents 369
Protective immune response 370
Epidemiology 371
Clinical disease 373
Treatment 374
Pathogenesis 375
Vaccines 378
Vaccines in development 380
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 382
Prospects for the future 382
Key issues 383
Chapter 22. Foot-and-Mouth Disease 390
Introduction 391
Description of the disease 393
Molecular biology of FMDV 394
Development of traditional vaccines for FMD 396
Second-generation vaccines for FMD 398
Prospects for the future 402
Key issues 403
Chapter 23. Hantavirus 408
Introduction 409
Short history of the disease 409
Etiologic agents 410
Protective immune responses 410
Epidemiology 414
Clinical disease 419
Treatment 420
Pathogenesis 421
Vaccines 424
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 430
Prospects for the future 431
Key issues 432
Chapter 24. Hepatitis C 442
Introduction 443
Hepatitis C virus 443
Clinical disease and pathogenesis 446
Animal models of hepatitis C 447
Treatment 448
Epidemiology 448
Antigens expressed by HCV 449
Host immune responses 449
Viral neutralization epitopes 452
Approaches to vaccine development 453
Recombinant protein vaccines 454
Synthetic peptide vaccines 457
Genetic immunization 458
Recombinant vectored vaccines 459
Inactivated HCV and virus-like particle vaccines 460
Dendritic cell immunization 460
Passive immunization 461
Key issues 461
Chapter 25. Human Immunodeficiency Virus 470
Introduction 471
History of HIV 471
HIV classification and structure 472
Pathogenesis 473
Protective immune response 478
Epidemiology 481
Clinical disease 482
Management and treatment of HIV 482
Vaccines 484
Conclusions 488
Key issues 488
Chapter 26. Human Papillomavirus 498
Introduction 499
Short history of the diseases 499
Etiologic agents 500
Protective immune response 501
Epidemiology 501
Clinical disease 504
Treatment 504
Pathogenesis 505
Vaccines 506
Prospects for the future 517
Key issues 517
Chapter 27. Influenza 526
Introduction 527
Short history of the disease 528
Etiologic agents of human influenza 528
Classification 529
Antigens encoded by the agent 529
Protective immune response 530
Epidemiology 530
Significance as a public health problem 532
Potential as a biothreat agent 533
Clinical disease 533
Treatment 535
Pathogenesis 536
Description of disease process 536
Immune response to infection 537
Antibody 537
Vaccines 538
History 539
Current licensed vaccines 540
Duration of immunity 541
Contraindication of vaccination, including special risk groups 542
Adverse events 542
Preclinical, phase I, phase II, and phase III trials 543
Rationale of second/third/new generation vaccines 543
Preclinical development including relevant animal models 546
Postexposure immune immunoprophylaxis 546
Prospects for the future 547
Key issues 547
Chapter 28. Japanese Encephalitis 556
Introduction 557
JE virus 557
Japanese encephalitis 557
Epidemiology 558
Control of JE 559
JE vaccines 559
JE vaccines under development 561
Evaluation of JE vaccine 561
Further studies 562
Key issues 563
Chapter 29. Junin (Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever) 566
Introduction and history 567
Etiologic agent 568
Protective immune response 568
Epidemiology 569
Biothreat agent potential 570
Clinical disease 570
Treatment 571
Pathogenesis 571
Vaccines 572
Prospects for the future 576
Key issues 576
Chapter 30. Measles 580
Introduction 581
History of measles 581
Measles virus 582
Immune responses to measles virus 583
Epidemiology 584
Clinical disease 585
Treatment 586
Pathogenesis 586
Measles vaccines 587
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 591
Prospects for the future 591
Key issues 591
Chapter 31. Hendra and Nipah 596
Introduction 597
History of the disease 597
Etiologic agent 598
Virus–cell interactions 602
Epidemiology 604
Clinical disease 605
Treatment 606
Pathogenesis 607
Immune response to infection 609
Vaccination strategies 610
Laboratory diagnosis of henipavirus 611
Prospects for the future 612
Key issues 612
Chapter 32. O'nyong-nyong and Chikungunya 618
Introduction 619
History of the disease 619
Etiologic agent(s): classification and antigens encoded by agent 621
Protective immune response 622
Epidemiology 623
Potential biothreat agent 625
Clinical disease 625
Treatment 626
Pathogenesis 626
Vaccines: history 627
Vaccines in development 627
Clinical trials 629
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 630
Prospects for the future 630
Key issues 630
Chapter 33. Rabies 638
Introduction 639
Etiologic agent(s) 641
Epidemiology 642
Species affected 644
Pathogenesis 645
Quasispecies 647
Potential as biothreat agent 648
Clinical disease 648
Morbidity and mortality 649
Diagnostic methods 649
Treatment 650
Physical resistance of the virus 650
Immunology 650
Protective immune responses 651
Vaccines 652
Public health significance 653
Prospects for the future 654
Key issues 654
Chapter 34. Ross River Virus: Epidemic Polyarthritis 660
Introduction 661
History of the disease 661
Etiological agent 662
Protective immune response 663
Epidemiology 664
Clinical disease 666
Treatment 667
Pathogenesis 668
Vaccines 669
Key issues 670
Chapter 35. Rotavirus 674
Introduction 675
Disease burden 675
History of rotavirus 676
Properties of the virus 677
Global distribution of human rotavirus serotypes 679
Epidemiology of rotavirus 680
Pathogenesis 681
Immunity 681
Rotavirus vaccines 683
Nonliving rotavirus vaccine candidates 688
Conclusions 689
Key Issues 689
Chapter 36. SARS 700
Introduction 701
Etiologic agent 701
Classification and antigens encoded 701
Epidemiology 702
Significance as public health problem and potential as biothreat agent 703
Clinical disease 703
Treatment 703
Pathogenesis 704
Innate immune response to infection 704
Humoral immune response 705
Cellular immune response 705
Vaccines 705
Basic science and rationale of new generation vaccines 707
Preclinical development, including relevant animal models 708
Clinical trials 708
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 709
Prospects for the future 709
Key issues 709
Chapter 37. Smallpox 714
Introduction 715
Early history 716
Eradication 717
Poxvirus biology 718
The immune response to poxviruses 720
Epidemiology 721
Smallpox as a biological weapon 721
Clinical disease 722
Treatment 723
Pathogenesis 724
History of the smallpox vaccine 725
Smallpox vaccine 726
Smallpox vaccines in development 730
Prospects for the future 731
Conclusions 732
Key issues 732
Chapter 38. Tick-Borne Encephalitis 742
Introduction 743
History of TBE 743
Etiologic agents 744
Epidemiology 748
Clinical disease 750
Treatment 750
Pathogenesis 751
Protective immune response 751
History of TBE vaccines 753
Current licensed vaccines 754
Vaccines in development 756
Clinical trials 757
Post-exposure immunoprophylaxis 757
Prospects for the future 759
Key issues 759
Chapter 39. West Nile 764
Introduction 765
Short history of the disease 765
Etiologic agent 765
Protective immune response 766
Epidemiology 769
Clinical disease 770
Diagnosis 770
Treatment 771
Pathogenesis 772
Vaccines 772
Vaccines in development 772
Prospects for the future 773
Key issues 774
Chapter 40. Yellow Fever 782
Introduction 783
Short history of the disease 783
Etiologic agent(s) 783
Antigens encoded by agent 784
Protective immune response 785
Epidemiology 786
Potential as biothreat agent 790
Clinical disease 790
Treatment 791
Pathogenesis 791
Vaccines 793
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 804
Prospects for the future 804
Key issues 805
SECTION IV: BACTERIAL VACCINES 816
Chapter 41. Anthrax 818
Introduction 819
Brief history of the disease 819
Etiological agent 819
Antigens encoded by agent 820
Protective immune response 822
Epidemiology 822
Clinical disease 824
Treatment 825
Pathogenesis 825
Immune response to infection 826
History of anthrax vaccines 826
Animal models for evaluating vaccine efficacy 829
Recombinant PA vaccines 829
Adjuvants 830
Capsular antigen vaccines 830
Passive immunization 830
Alternative anthrax therapies 831
Key issues 831
Chapter 42. Brucellosis 836
Introduction 837
Etiologic agent 838
Immune response 840
Epidemiology 842
Clinical disease 844
Treatment 845
Pathogenesis 845
Vaccines 848
Summary of vaccine research aims 852
Key issues 852
Chapter 43. Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei 860
Introduction 861
History of glanders 861
History of melioidosis 861
Etiological agents 862
Classification 863
Protective immune response 863
Epidemiology 864
Clinical disease 865
Treatment 866
Pathogenesis 867
Prospects for a vaccine 868
Key issues 869
Chapter 44. Chlamydia 874
Introduction 875
Short history of the diseases 875
Etiologic agent(s) 876
Protective immune response 877
Epidemiology 879
Clinical disease 880
Treatment 881
Pathogenesis 881
Vaccines 882
Vaccines in development 887
Prospects for the future 891
Key issues 892
Chapter 45. Cholera 898
Introduction 899
History of disease 899
Etiologic agent 900
Protective immune response 901
Epidemiology 902
Clinical disease 903
Treatment 904
Pathogenesis 905
Vaccines 905
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 913
Prospects for the future 913
Key issues 914
Chapter 46. Botulinum Toxin 920
Introduction 921
Botulinum toxin 922
History of the disease 925
Clinical presentation of the disease 926
Clinical presentation of botulism 927
Epidemiology 929
The search for vaccines 930
Variations on a theme 935
A provocative question 937
Linking theory and reality 939
Key issues 942
Chapter 47. Ehrlichia 948
Introduction 949
History of ehrlichial diseases 949
Etiologic agents 950
Immunity 955
Pathogenesis 956
Epidemiology and public health importance 957
Clinical spectrum 958
Treatment and prevention 958
Vaccines in development 959
Prospects for the future 960
Key issues 960
Chapter 48. Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli 968
Introduction 969
Clinical classification of E. coli 969
Epidemiology 970
Pathogenesis 970
Clinical disease 971
Significance as public health problem 974
Short history of the disease 977
Treatment 977
Protective immune response 977
ExPEC vaccines 978
ExPEC vaccine candidates 978
Prospects for the future 982
Key issues 983
Chapter 49. Gonorrhea 992
Introduction 993
Historical aspects of gonorrhea 993
Etiologic agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae 994
Protective immune response 998
Epidemiology 1000
Clinical disease 1001
Treatment 1001
Pathogenesis 1002
Vaccines 1002
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 1004
Prospects for the future 1004
Key issues 1005
Chapter 50. Helicobacter pylori 1012
Introduction 1013
Short history of the disease 1013
Etiologic agents 1014
Virulence factors 1014
The immune response to H. pylori 1018
Epidemiology 1023
Clinical disease 1025
Pathogenesis 1026
The use of proteomics to understand the H. pyloriassociated pathogenesis 1028
Vaccines 1029
Prospects for the future 1033
Key issues 1033
Chapter 51. Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli 1042
Introduction 1042
Etiologic agent(s) 1043
Vaccines 1049
Prospects for the future 1055
Key issues 1055
Chapter 52. Lyme Disease 1060
Introduction 1061
History of Lyme disease 1062
Etiologic agent 1062
Epidemiology 1063
Clinical disease 1065
Vaccines 1067
Vaccines in development 1069
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 1076
Prospects for the future 1077
Key issues 1077
Chapter 53. Neisseria meningitidis 1090
Introduction 1091
History 1091
Etiologic agent 1091
Protective immune response 1092
Pathogenesis 1093
Epidemiology 1094
Clinical disease 1095
Treatment 1095
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 1096
Vaccines 1096
Prospects for the future 1101
Key issues 1102
Chapter 54. Plague 1110
Introduction 1111
Short history of the disease 1111
Etiologic agent 1112
Antigens 1113
Protective immune response 1114
Antibody 1114
CMI 1115
Epidemiology 1115
Significance as public health problem 1116
Potential as biothreat agent 1116
Clinical disease 1116
Diagnosis 1117
Treatment 1117
Prophylactic vaccination 1118
Vaccines 1118
Improved vaccines 1120
Alternative vaccine approaches: rationally attenuated mutants and DNA vaccines 1120
Vaccines in development 1121
Discovery/basic science 1121
Clinical trials 1122
Prospects for the future 1123
Key issues 1124
Chapter 55. Ricin: A Type II Ribosome-Inactivating Protein 1128
Introduction 1129
Ricin as a category B biothreat 1130
Similarities between ricin and Shiga toxins 1130
Ricin toxin structure and function 1131
Toxicity of ricin 1134
Immunity to ricin 1138
Vaccine immunogen candidates 1141
Preclinical and clinical studies 1142
Prospects for the future 1144
Key issues 1144
Chapter 56. Rickettsia 1150
History of rickettsial diseases 1151
Etiologic agents 1152
Clinical disease 1153
Protective immune response 1155
Epidemiology 1160
Pathogenesis 1161
Treatment 1164
Vaccines 1165
Vaccines in development 1167
Conclusion/future prospective 1169
Key issues 1169
Chapter 57. Typhoid Fever 1176
Introduction 1176
Etiologic agent 1177
Epidemiology 1177
Clinical disease 1178
Treatment 1178
Antibiotic resistance 1179
Pathogenesis 1179
Antigens encoded by S. Typhi 1180
Protective immune response 1181
Vaccines 1181
Prospects for the future 1186
Key issues 1187
Chapter 58. Shigellosis 1192
Introduction 1193
Short history of the disease 1193
Etiologic agent(s) 1194
Classification 1194
Epidemiology 1195
Antibiotic resistance 1197
Significance as public health problem 1197
Potential as a biothreat agent 1198
Clinical disease 1198
Treatment 1199
Pathogenesis 1200
Immune response after infection 1203
Vaccines to prevent Shigellosis 1205
Vaccines in development 1208
Prospects for the future 1214
Key issues 1214
Chapter 59. Syphilis 1222
History 1223
Etiologic agent 1223
Classification 1223
Antigens 1224
Protective immune responses 1225
Epidemiology 1226
Natural history and pathogenesis 1226
Vaccine studies to date 1229
The T. pallidum outer membrane and the quest for surface-exposed antigens 1232
Genomics and recombinant DNA technology: great help with some limitations 1238
Animal models and adjuvant selection 1239
Alternative immunization approaches 1239
Conclusions 1240
Key issues 1240
Chapter 60. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1248
Introduction 1249
Short history of the disease 1250
Etiologic agent 1250
Protective immune response 1253
Epidemiology 1254
Clinical disease 1255
Pathogenesis 1256
Vaccines 1258
Prospects for the future 1263
Key issues 1263
Chapter 61. Francisella tularensis 1270
Introduction 1271
Short history of the disease 1271
Etiologic agent 1271
Classification 1272
Antigens expressed by the organism 1273
Tularemia as a public health problem 1273
Tularemia as a biothreat agent 1273
Clinical disease 1273
Treatment 1275
Pathogenesis 1276
Immune responses to infection 1276
Vaccines 1277
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 1279
Prospects for the future 1279
Key issues 1280
SECTION V: PARASITC VACCINES 1284
Chapter 62. African Trypanosomiasis 1286
Introduction 1287
Classification 1290
Protective immune response 1292
Clinical disease 1293
Treatment 1294
Innate immunity 1295
Vaccine 1298
Key issues 1299
Chapter 63. Leishmaniasis 1304
Introduction 1305
Biology of Leishmania parasites 1305
Clinical magnifications and epidemiology 1307
Treatment and prevention 1308
Regulation of host protective immunity and pathogenesis 1308
Vaccine development for the control of CL and VL: targeting parasite-specific components 1310
Vaccines for blocking the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis: targeting sand fly-specific components 1314
Major challenges in vaccine development for leishmaniasis 1314
Key issues 1314
Chapter 64. Leptospirosis 1320
Introduction 1321
History of the disease 1322
Etiologic agent 1322
Protein antigens 1323
Protective immune response 1323
Epidemiology 1324
Clinical disease 1325
Treatment 1326
Pathogenesis 1326
Vaccines 1328
Prospects for the future 1331
Key issues 1331
Chapter 65. Malaria 1338
Introduction 1339
History 1341
Etiologic agents 1341
Protective immune responses 1345
Epidemiology 1347
Clinical disease 1349
Treatment and prophylaxis 1351
Postexposure immunoprophylaxis 1352
Pathogenesis 1352
Immune response to infection 1353
Vaccines 1354
Discovery/basic science 1370
Preclinical development 1371
Clinical trials 1372
Prospects for the future 1375
Key issues 1375
Chapter 66. Hookworm Infection 1394
Introduction: hookworm disease burden 1395
Impact of anthelmintic chemotherapy ("deworming") 1397
The case for a vaccine against hookworm 1397
Larval antigen discovery and selection 1398
Process development and manufacture of Na-ASP-2 and Na-SAA-2 1399
Clinical development of the Na-ASP-2 hookworm vaccine 1400
Development of antigens targeting adult hookworms 1402
Indications and use of the human hookworm vaccine 1402
Ensuring global access to a human hookworm vaccine 1403
Key issues 1403
Chapter 67. Onchocerciasis 1408
Introduction 1409
Disease 1409
Protective immunity against O. volvulus in humans and animal models 1413
Vaccines 1417
Prospects for the future 1423
Key issues 1424
Chapter 68. Schistosomiasis 1430
Introduction 1431
Protective immunity 1434
Subunit vaccines 1436
Secretory and membrane proteins as vaccine targets 1439
Translation from animal studies to human clinical trials 1441
Why are high levels of protection difficult to achieve? 1442
Prospects for the future 1443
Key issues 1444
Chapter 69. American Trypanosomiasis 1452
Historical background of Chagas disease 1453
Vector and parasite 1454
Immune response to T. cruzi 1456
Epidemiology 1457
Clinical disease and control measures 1458
Pathogenic mechanisms in chagas disease development 1459
Vaccine development against T. cruzi 1461
Prospects for the future 1471
Key issues 1471
Index 1480
A 1480
B 1482
C 1483
D 1485
E 1486
F 1487
G 1488
H 1489
I 1491
J 1492
K 1492
L 1493
M 1494
N 1496
O 1497
P 1497
Q 1499
R 1499
S 1501
T 1503
U 1505
V 1505
W 1506
X 1507
Y 1507
Z 1507
Color Plates 1508
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 5.3.2009 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie | |
| Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Infektiologie / Immunologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie | |
| Technik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-091902-2 / 0080919022 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-091902-7 / 9780080919027 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Adobe DRM)Größe: 28,8 MB
Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Zusätzliches Feature: Online Lesen
Dieses eBook können Sie zusätzlich zum Download auch online im Webbrowser lesen.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
EPUB (Adobe DRM)Größe: 25,0 MB
Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: EPUB (Electronic Publication)
EPUB ist ein offener Standard für eBooks und eignet sich besonders zur Darstellung von Belletristik und Sachbüchern. Der Fließtext wird dynamisch an die Display- und Schriftgröße angepasst. Auch für mobile Lesegeräte ist EPUB daher gut geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Zusätzliches Feature: Online Lesen
Dieses eBook können Sie zusätzlich zum Download auch online im Webbrowser lesen.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich
