Rabies (eBook)

Front cover 1
Rabies 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Foreword 11
Preface 18
Contributors 19
Chapter 1 The History of Rabies 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Remedies for dog rabies from the early and middle ages to the 18th century 23
3 Rabies in the New World 27
4 The early role of wild animals in the spread of rabies 28
5 Development of the first-generation rabies vaccine 32
References 40
Chapter 2 Rabies Virus 44
1 Introduction 44
2 Rabies virus structure 45
3 Rabies virus replication 50
4 Life cycle of rabies virus infection 54
5 Virus cell-to-cell spread – perpetuating the virus life cycle 62
6 Structure of rabies virus proteins in relation to function 63
References 77
Chapter 3 Molecular Epidemiology 90
1 Introduction 90
2 Methods and definition of terms 91
3 Viral taxonomy 117
4 Aspects of rabies pathogenesis and evolution revealed by molecular epidemiology 131
5 Conclusions and future trends 135
Acknowledgments 136
References 136
Chapter 4 Epidemiology 144
1 Introduction to concepts 144
2 The epidemiology of human rabies 150
3 Routes of rabies virus transmission to humans 164
4 Risk and prevention of rabies following an exposure 165
5 Epidemiology of rabies in mammalian populations 168
6 Dissemination of canine rabies and evidence for periodic cycles 176
7 Cross-species transmission (spillover) of rabies virus 178
8 Spatial spread and epidemiology of wildlife rabies 187
9 Control of rabies directed toward mammalian reservoir hosts 193
References 201
Chapter 5 Rabies in Terrestrial Animals 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Host range and susceptibility 224
3 Transmission 231
4 Clinical course 232
5 Differential diagnosis 235
6 Viral excretion and public health implications 235
7 Reservoirs and other lyssaviruses 237
8 Rabies in domestic animals 237
9 Wildlife reservoirs 247
10 Other animals as reservoirs or simply spillover hosts? 263
11 Conclusions 266
References 267
Chapter 6 Bat Rabies 280
1 Introduction – general considerations on bat rabies 280
2 Bat rabies in the New World 282
3 Bat rabies in the Old World 298
References 320
Chapter 7 Human Disease 330
1 Introduction 330
2 Exposures, incubation period and prodromal symptoms 330
3 Clinical forms of disease 335
4 Investigations 340
5 Differential diagnosis 344
6 Therapy 345
7 Recovery from rabies 346
8 Rabies due to other Lyssavirus genotypes 350
References 354
Chapter 8 Pathogenesis 362
1 Introduction 362
2 Events at the site of exposure 362
3 Spread to the CNS 369
4 Spread within the CNS 370
5 Spread from the CNS 371
6 Animal models of rabies virus neurovirulence 372
7 Rabies virus receptors 375
8 Brain dysfunction in rabies 377
9 Recovery from rabies and chronic rabies virus infection 389
10 Summary 392
References 393
Chapter 9 Pathology 404
1 Introduction 404
2 Macroscopic findings 404
3 Pathology in the central nervous system 405
4 Pathology in the peripheral nervous system 418
5 Pathology involving the eye and extraneural organs 422
6 Summary and conclusions 424
References 424
Chapter 10 Diagnostic Evaluation 432
1 Introduction 432
2 Post-mortem diagnosis of rabies in animals 434
3 Virus isolation 450
4 Use of molecular methods to detect viral RNA 451
5 Diagnosis of rabies in humans 474
6 Rabies antibody assays 480
Acknowledgements 483
References 483
Chapter 11 Rabies Serology 492
1 Introduction 492
2 Investigative serology 493
3 Serologic methods 495
4 Choosing an assay 501
5 Quality assurance measures 504
6 Conclusions 507
References 507
Chapter 12 Immunology 510
1 Introduction 510
2 Molecular components of a specific immune response 510
3 Immune responses during RABV infection 512
4 Immunological basis for post-exposure vaccination efficiency 519
5 Conclusions 522
References 522
Chapter 13 Human Rabies Vaccines 526
1 Introduction 526
2 Value of vaccination 527
3 Nerve tissue vaccines 529
4 Cell culture vaccines 530
5 Conclusions 534
References 534
Chapter 14 Animal Vaccines 538
1 Introduction 538
2 Animal rabies vaccines 538
References 548
Chapter 15 Next Generation Rabies Vaccines 552
1 Introduction 552
2 Recombinant virus vaccines 552
3 DNA-based rabies vaccines 558
4 Oral rabies vaccines derived from plants 560
References 561
Chapter 16 Public Health Management of Humans at Risk 566
1 Introduction 566
2 Pre-exposure vaccination 569
3 Post-exposure vaccination 574
4 Adverse reactions to cell culture vaccines 582
5 Interchangeability of vaccines 582
6 Rabies in children 583
7 Travel to canine rabies endemic countries 584
8 Rabies control in developing countries 585
9 Educational awareness 586
References 587
Chapter 17 Dog Rabies and its Control 594
1 Introduction 594
2 The burden of canine rabies 594
3 Historical perspectives on dog rabies control 597
4 Dog accessibility 599
5 Vaccination coverage 601
6 The epidemiological theory of dog rabies control 603
7 Oral vaccination of dogs 605
8 Age at first vaccination 606
9 Dog rabies control in wildlife conservation 607
10 Economics of dog vaccination for rabies control 608
11 Dog population management 609
12 Conclusion 610
Acknowledgements 611
References 611
Chapter 18 Rabies Control in Wild Carnivores 616
1 Introduction 616
2 Historical aspects of rabies control in wildlife 616
3 The concept of controlling rabies in wildlife 620
4 Initiation of wildlife rabies control programs 621
5 Diagnosis of suspect wildlife 623
6 Vector species biology in relation to rabies epidemiology 623
7 Transportation of wildlife 624
8 Point infection control: the first callfor control 624
9 Bait development for delivery of oralrabies vaccine 626
10 ORV initiation/considerations 627
11 Importance of vector home range and density for vaccine bait distribution 633
12 Large-scale vaccine bait distribution technology 634
13 Surveillance prior to, during and after a rabies control program 635
14 Vaccine baiting costs/benefits and costs of rabies control 639
15 Vaccine baiting efficiency and baiting success guidelines 640
16 Contingency planning 642
17 Modeling 642
18 Conclusion 644
References 645
Chapter 19 Future Developments and Challenges 656
1 Introduction 656
2 Pathogenesis 656
3 Epidemiology 657
4 Prevention of human rabies 658
5 Diagnosis and therapy of human rabies 659
6 Control of animal rabies 660
7 Summary 662
References 662
Index 666
A 666
B 667
C 668
D 669
E 670
F 671
G 671
H 672
I 672
J 673
K 673
L 673
M 674
N 675
O 675
P 676
Q 677
R 677
S 679
T 679
U 680
V 680
W 681
Z 681