Coastal and Estuarine Fine Sediment Processes (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 10
Preface 6
Contributing Authors 22
Chapter 1. Cohesive sediment transport modeling: European perspective 32
1 INTRODUCTION 32
2 FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 32
3 SEDIMENT-TURBULENCE INTERACTION 37
4 BED DYNAMICS 40
5 PIONEERING AREAS 42
6 CONCLUSIONS 44
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 44
REFERENCES 44
Chapter 2. Collisional aggregation of fine estuarial sediment 50
1 INTRODUCTION 50
2 COHESION 51
3 AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS 52
4 COLLISIONS 53
5 SHEAR STRESSES ON AGGREGATES 59
6 COLLISION EFFICIENCY AND COLLISION DIAMETER FUNCTION 60
7 CONCLUSIONS 68
8 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 68
REFERENCES 68
Chapter 3. Erosion of a deposited layer of cohesive sediment 72
1 INTRODUCTION 72
2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 75
3 EROSION RATE DETERMINATION 77
4 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 79
5 CONCLUSIONS 80
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 82
REFERENCES 82
Chapter 4. Critical shear stress for cohesive sediment transport 84
1 INTRODUCTION 84
2 MUD LAYER SURFACE PATTERNS 85
3 ELECTROCHEMICAL EFFECT 85
4 FORCES ON PARTICLES 86
5 ANCHORING FORCE 87
6 CRITICAL SHEAR STRESS 90
7 CONCLUSIONS 91
REFERENCES 92
Chapter 5. Mud scour on a slope under breaking waves 94
1 INTRODUCTION 94
2 IMPACT OF BREAKING WAVE ACTION 95
3 BREAKING WAVE EXPERIMENTS 97
4 RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 102
5 SCOUR EXPERIMENTS 104
6 CONCLUSIONS 108
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 108
REFERENCES 108
Chapter 6. Fluid mud in the wave-dominated environment revisited 110
1 INTRODUCTION 110
2 CRITERION FOR FLUID MUD GENERATION 112
3 FLUID MUD THICKNESS 114
4 FLUME DATA 116
5 LAKE OKEECHOBEE 118
6 CONCLUDING COMMENTS 121
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 122
REFERENCES 123
Chapter 7. Response of stratified muddy beds to water waves 126
1 INTRODUCTION 126
2 ANALYTIC MODELING 128
3 NON-LINEAR RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR 131
4 APPLICATION OF THE ANALYTICAL MODEL 133
5 RESULTS 134
REFERENCES 139
Chapter 8. Assessment of the erodibility of fine/coarse sediment mixtures 140
1 INTRODUCTION 140
2 THRESHOLD FOR SINGLE GRAIN SIZE 141
3 THRESHOLD FOR FINE/COARSE GRAIN MIXTURES 143
4 FLUME DATA 145
5 RATE OF EROSION 150
6 CONCLUSIONS 153
REFERENCES 154
Chapter 9. Rapid siltation from saturated mud suspensions 156
1 INTRODUCTION 156
2 THE 1DV POINT MODEL 158
3 THE CONCEPT OF SATURATION 161
4 FIELD MEASUREMENTS 165
5 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS 165
6 PROGNOSTIC SIMULATIONS 173
7 DISCUSSION, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 175
8 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 176
REFERENCES 176
Chapter 10. Density development during erosion of cohesive sediment 178
1 INTRODUCTION 178
2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 178
3 RESULTS 181
4 CONCLUSIONS 186
REFERENCES 186
Chapter 11. Clay-silt sediment modeling using multiple grain classes. Part I: Settling and deposition 188
1 INTRODUCTION 188
2 SIZE-SPECTRA RESPONSE TO DEPOSITION 189
3 NUMERICAL METHODS 191
4 RESULTS OF NUMERICAL DEPOSITION EXPERIMENTS 199
5 CONCLUSIONS 201
REFERENCES 201
Chapter 12. Clay-silt sediment modeling using multiple grain classes. Part II: Application to shallow-water resuspension and deposition 204
1 INTRODUCTION 204
2 METHODS 206
3 RESULTS 212
4 CONCLUSIONS 216
REFERENCES 217
Chapter 13. Analysis of nearshore cohesive sediment depositional process using fractals 220
1 INTRODUCTION 220
2 METHOD 221
3 RESULTS 224
4 DISCUSSION 229
5 CONCLUSIONS 230
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 230
REFERENCES 230
Chapter 14. Laboratory experiments on consolidation and strength of bottom mud 232
1 INTRODUCTION 232
2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 233
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 235
4 EFFECTIVE STRESS AND PERMEABILITY 237
5 PEAK SHEAR STRESS 242
6 CONCLUSIONS 243
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 243
REFERENCES 243
Chapter 15. A framework for cohesive sediment transport simulation for the coastal waters of Korea 246
1 INTRODUCTION 246
2 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PREDICTION 247
3 COHESIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 249
4 FIRST PHASE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT SIMULATION 250
5 SIMULATION TEST 254
6 CONCLUSIONS 255
REFERENCES 258
Chapter 16. Application of the continuous modeling concept to simulate high- concentration suspended sediment in a macrotidal estuary 260
1 INTRODUCTION 260
2 MAIN FEATURES OF THE IDV CONTINUOUS MODEL 262
3 STEADY STATE SIMULATIONS 267
4 FLUID MUD FLOW IN THE GIRONDE 271
5 CONCLUSIONS 276
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 276
REFERENCES 277
Chapter 17. Modeling of fluid mud flow on an inclined bed 280
1 INTRODUCTION 280
2 MOVEMENT OF FLUID MUD ON AN INCLINED BED 281
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 283
4 NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION 288
5 CONCLUSIONS 290
REFERENCES 291
Chapter 18. Predicting the profile of intertidal mudflats formed by cross-shore tidal currents 294
1 INTRODUCTION 294
2 FORCING ON MUDFLATS 295
3 TIME AND SPACE SCALES 297
4 EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE 298
5 SIMULATED ANNEALING METHOD 301
6 MORPHODYNAMIC APPROACH 303
7 CALCULATED PROFILES 303
8 COMBINATION OF CONDITIONS 310
9 DISCUSSION 311
10 CONCLUSIONS 314
11 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 314
REFERENCES 315
Chapter 19. Monitoring of suspended sediment concentration using vessels and remote sensing 318
1 INTRODUCTION 318
2 INSTRUMENTATION 319
3 IMPLEMENTATION TESTS 320
4 CONCLUSIONS 327
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 329
REFERENCES 329
Chapter 20. Seasonal variability of sediment erodibility and properties on a macrotidal mudflat, Peterstone Wentlooge, Severn estuary, UK 332
1 INTRODUCTION 332
2 SITE DESCRIPTION 334
3 MONITORING STRATEGY 336
4 MEASUREMENTS 336
5 METHODS 337
6 RESULTS 339
7 DISCUSSION 348
8 CONCLUSIONS 350
9 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 351
REFERENCES 351
Chapter 21. Observations of long and short term variations in the bed elevation of a macro-tidal mudflat 354
1 INTRODUCTION 354
2 METHODOLOGY 357
3 RESULTS 359
4 DISCUSSION 369
5 CONCLUSIONS 372
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 372
REFERENCES 372
Chapter 22. Influence of salinity, bottom topography, and tides on locations of estuarine turbidity maxima in northern San Francisco Bay 374
1 INTRODUCTION 374
2 STUDY AREA 376
3 VERTICAL PROFILE AND TIME-SERIES DATA 377
4 RESULTS: CRUISE DATA 378
5 RESULTS: TIDALLY AVERAGED TIME-SERIES DATA 378
6 DISCUSSION 380
7 CONCLUSIONS 386
8 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 386
REFERENCES 387
Chapter 23. Boundary layer effects due to suspended sediment in the Amazon River estuary 390
1 INTRODUCTION 390
2 VELOCITY AND SSC STRUCTURES 390
3 BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTER 395
4 TIDAL VELOCITY 399
5 BOTTOM SHEAR STRESS 400
6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 402
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 403
REFERENCES 403
Chapter 24. Modeling mechanisms for the stability of the turbidity maximum in the Gironde estuary, France 404
1 INTRODUCTION 404
2 THE GIRONDE ESTUARY 405
3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MODELS 406
4 RESULTS 408
5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 413
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 416
REFERENCES 416
Chapter 25. The role of fecal pellets in sediment settling at an intertidal mudflat, the Danish Wadden Sea 418
1 INTRODUCTION 418
2 STUDY SITE 419
3 METHODS 421
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 422
5 CONCLUSIONS 430
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 430
REFERENCES 430
Chapter 26. Parameters affecting mud floc size on a seasonal time scale: The impact of a phytoplankton bloom in the Dollard estuary, The Netherlands 434
1 INTRODUCTION 434
2 BINDING PROCESSES 435
3 FIELD EXPERIMENTS AND METHODOLOGY 438
4 RESULTS 441
5 DISCUSSION 445
6 CONCLUSIONS 449
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 450
REFERENCES 450
Chapter 27. Salt marsh processes along the coast of Friesland, The Netherlands 454
1 INTRODUCTION 454
2 MEASURING METHODS 457
3 METHODS OF ANALYSES 458
4 RESULTS 459
5 DISCUSSION 466
6 CONCLUSIONS 467
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 467
REFERENCES 468
Chapter 28. Prediction of contaminated sediment transport in the Maurice River-Union Lake, New Jersey, USA 470
1 TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS IN SURFACE WATERS 470
2 CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODEL 472
3 MAURICE RIVER-UNION LAKE ARSENIC TRANSPORT MODELING 478
4 RESULTS OF MODEL SIMULATIONS 486
5 CONCLUSIONS 487
6 DISCLAIMER 487
REFERENCES 488
Chapter 29. Entrance flow control to reduce siltation in tidal basins 490
1 INTRODUCTION 490
2 MEASUREMENTS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 494
3 SEDIMENT FLUXES INTO A TIDAL BASIN 499
4 ENTRANCE FLOW CONTROL 505
5 APPLICATION IN THE KÖHLFLEET, HAMBURG 510
6 CONCLUSIONS 514
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 514
REFERENCES 514
Chapter 30. An examination of mud slurry discharge through pipes 516
1 INTRODUCTION 516
2 MUD SLURRY FLOW 517
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 518
4 CONCLUSIONS 524
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 524
REFERENCES 525
Chapter 31. Beach dynamics related to the Ambalapuzha mudbank along the southwest coast of India 526
1 INTRODUCTION 526
2 METHOD 528
3 RESULTS 530
4 DISCUSSION 534
5 CONCLUSIONS 536
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 537
REFERENCES 537