Side Effects of Drugs Annual (eBook)

Front cover 1
Side effects of drugs annual 31 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 13
Contributors 6
Special reviews 17
Cumulative indexes of special reviews, Annuals 12–30 18
Index of drugs 18
Index of adverse effects 23
Table of Essays, Annuals 1–30 27
Classifications of adverse drug reactions 28
1. EIDOS 28
2. DoTS 29
How to use this book 32
THE SCOPE OF THE ANNUAL 32
PERIOD COVERED 32
SELECTION OF MATERIAL 32
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS 33
DRUG NAMES 33
SYSTEM OF TAGGING REFERENCES 33
INDEXES 33
Side Effects of Drugs Essay: MedDRA®: the Tale of a Terminology 34
The history of MedDra 34
The scope and structure of MedDra 35
Sustaining MedDra: the MSSO and Management Board 35
MedDra and regulatory agencies 36
Applications of MedDra: coding 37
Applications of MedDra: data retrieval and presentation 38
The future of MedDra 40
Conclusions 41
Acknowledgements 41
References 41
Chapter 1. Central nervous system stimulants and drugs that suppress appetite 44
AMPHETAMINES 44
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine, MDMA) 44
Metamfetamine 44
Atomoxetine 45
Methylphenidate 46
Modafinil 50
METHYLXANTHINES 51
Caffeine 51
Theophylline 51
DRUGS THAT SUPPRESS APPETITE 52
Phentermine 52
Sibutramine 52
DRUGS USED IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 53
Donepezil 53
Rivastigmine 54
REFERENCES 55
Chapter 2. Antidepressant drugs 60
GENERAL 60
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN RE-UPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIs) 61
SSRIs and suicide 61
SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SNRIs) 65
Venlafaxine 65
OTHER ANTIDEPRESSANTS 65
Bupropion (amfebutamone) 65
Reboxetine 65
REFERENCES 65
Chapter 3. Lithium 68
REFERENCES 72
Chapter 4. Drugs of abuse 76
CANNABINOIDS 76
COCAINE 80
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine, MDMA) 84
Khat 91
OPIOID ANALGESICS 91
REFERENCES 95
Chapter 5. Hypnosedatives and anxiolytics 100
BENZODIAZEPINES 100
Alprazolam 100
Diazepam 100
Flunitrazepam 101
Lorazepam 101
Midazolam 102
Quazepam 103
Temazepam 103
Triazolam 103
OTHER HYPNOSEDATIVES 103
Chloral hydrate 103
Zolpidem 104
Zopiclone 105
REFERENCES 105
Chapter 6. Antipsychotic drugs 108
GENERAL 108
INDIVIDUAL DRUGS 112
Amisulpride 112
Clozapine 121
Haloperidol 123
Olanzapine 124
Quetiapine 129
Risperidone 131
Sarcosine 135
Ziprasidone 135
REFERENCES 137
Chapter 7. Antiepileptic drugs 148
GENERAL 148
Carbamazepine 150
Gabapentin 153
Lamotrigine 156
Levetiracetam 159
Oxcarbazepine 161
Phenytoin and fosphenytoin 163
Pregabalin 164
Tiagabine 166
Topiramate 167
Valproate sodium and semisodium (divalproex) 169
Vigabatrin 179
Zonisamide 180
REFERENCES 182
Chapter 8. Opioid analgesics and narcotic antagonists 192
GENERAL 192
OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS 196
Alfentanil 196
Codeine 197
Dextromethorphan 199
Dextropropoxyphene 199
Diamorphine (heroin) 199
Fentanyl 200
Frakefamide 203
Hydrocodone 203
Hydromorphone 203
Methadone 204
Morphine 205
Morphine-6-glucuronide 208
Oxycodone 208
Oxymorphone 209
Papaverine 209
Pethidine (meperidine) 209
Remifentanil 209
Sufentanil 210
Tramadol 211
PARTIAL OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS 212
Buprenorphine 212
Butorphanol 213
OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 213
Naloxone 213
Naltrexone 213
REFERENCES 214
Chapter 9. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic analgesics and drugs used in gout 224
ANILINE DERIVATIVES 224
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and combinations 224
NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS 226
ARYLALKANOIC ACID DERIVATIVES 229
Aceclofenac 229
Dexketoprofen 229
Diclofenac 229
Ibuprofen 230
Indometacin 232
Ketoprofen 232
Naproxen 233
COX-2 SELECTIVE INHIBITORS 233
Etoricoxib 234
Parecoxib 234
Rofecoxib 234
Valdecoxib 234
OXICAMS 235
Meloxicam 235
Piroxicam 235
PYRAZOLONE DERIVATIVES 235
Metamizole (dipyrone) 235
SALICYLATES 236
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and related compounds 236
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease 236
DUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOUT 244
Allopurinol 244
Colchicine 245
Probenecid 246
Rasburicase 246
REFERENCES 247
Chapter 10. General anesthetics and therapeutic gases 260
ANESTHETIC VAPORS 260
HALOGENATED VAPORS 260
Desflurane 260
Isoflurane 261
Sevoflurane 261
Trichloroethylene 262
OTHER VAPORS 264
Nitrous oxide 264
INTRAVENOUS AGENTS: NON-BARBITURATE ANESTHETICS 264
Etomidate 264
Ketamine 265
Propofol 265
INTRAVENOUS AGENTS: BARBITURATE ANESTHETICS 269
Thiopental sodium 269
REFERENCES 269
Chapter 11. Local anesthetics 274
Lipid rescue for local anesthetic toxicity 274
EFFECTS RELATED TO MODES OF USE 276
Brachial plexus anesthesia 276
Epidural anesthesia 277
Spinal (intrathecal) anesthesia 278
Dental anesthesia 280
Hematoma blocks 280
Ocular anesthesia 280
Peripheral nerve block anesthesia 281
Tonsillar anesthesia 281
Topical anesthesia 281
INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS 282
Amethocaine 282
Benzocaine 282
Bupivacaine 282
Cocaine 283
Lidocaine 283
Prilocaine and Emla 283
Ropivacaine 283
Tetracaine 284
REFERENCES 284
Chapter 12. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants 290
DEPOLARIZING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS 290
Suxamethonium 290
NON-DEPOLARIZING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS 291
Rocuronium 291
Sugammadex 292
SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS 293
Baclofen 293
Botulinum toxins 295
Carisoprodol 296
Chlorzoxazone 296
Cyclobenzaprine 297
Diaminopyridine 297
REFERENCES 297
Chapter 13. Drugs that affect autonomic functions or the extrapyramidal system 302
DRUGS THAT STIMULATE BOTH ALPHA- AND BETAADRENOCEPTORS 302
Adrenaline (epinephrine) 302
DRUGS THAT PREDOMINANTLY STIMULATE ALPHA1- ADRENOCEPTORS 307
Midodrine 307
Phenylephrine 307
Phenylpropanolamine 307
DRUGS THAT STIMULATE BETA1-ADRENOCEPTORS 308
Dobutamine 308
DRUGS THAT STIMULATE DOPAMINE RECEPTORS 309
Levodopa 309
Dopamine receptor agonists 311
OTHER DRUGS THAT INCREASE DOPAMINE ACTIVITY 312
Amantadine 312
Selegiline 313
Rasagiline 313
ERGOT DERIVATIVES 315
Methysergide 315
DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM 315
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 315
Anticholinergic drugs 316
REFERENCES 320
Chapter 14. Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics 330
COSMETICS 330
Artecoll® 330
Eyelash tint 330
Hyaluronic acid 331
Hydroquinone 331
Talc 331
HAIR DYES 331
Para-phenylenediamine 332
Glucocorticoids, topical 333
Colophony 334
PHOTOTHERAPY AND PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY 334
Aminolevulinic acid 334
PUVA 334
SUNSCREENS 334
VITAMIN A (RETINOIDS) 334
Acitretin 334
Isotretinoin 334
Tazarotene 335
VITAMIN D ANALOGS, TOPICAL 336
Calcipotriol 336
REFERENCES 336
Chapter 15. Antihistamines (H[sub(1)] receptor antagonists) 340
Cetirizine 341
Desloratadine 341
Diphenhydramine 341
Doxylamine 341
Fexofenadine 342
Hydroxyzine 343
Levocetirizine 343
REFERENCES 344
Chapter 16. Drugs acting on the respiratory tract 348
INHALED GLUCOCORTICOIDS 348
BETA[sub(2)]-ADRENOCEPTOR 351
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS 354
Tiotropium bromide 354
LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIERS 355
Montelukast 355
PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE IV INHIBITORS 356
Cilomilast 356
Roflumilast 356
Non-prescription cough and cold medicines 357
REFERENCES 358
Chapter 17. Positive inotropic drugs and drugs used in dysrhythmias 364
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES 364
OTHER POSITIVE INOTROPIC DRUGS 366
Milrinone 366
ADENOSINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS 366
Adenosine and analogues 366
Adenosine receptor agonists 367
Amiodarone 367
Bepridil 372
Cibenzoline 373
Flecainide 373
Lidocaine (lignocaine) 373
Mexiletine 374
Propafenone 374
Procainamide 375
REFERENCES 375
Chapter 18. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and antianginal drugs 382
BETA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 382
Atenolol 382
Metoprolol 382
Propranolol 383
Timolol 383
POTASSIUM CHANNEL ACTIVATORS 383
Nicorandil 383
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS 383
Amlodipine 383
Diltiazem 384
Nimodipine 384
Nifedipine 384
Verapamil 385
REFERENCES 385
Chapter 19. Drugs acting on the cerebral and peripheral circulations 388
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ARTERIAL DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN AND LIMBS 388
Cinnarizine and flunarizine 388
Ginkgo biloba 388
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF VENOUS DISORDERS 388
Aescin 388
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE 388
Ergot alkaloids 388
Triptans 389
OTHER PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS 389
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type V 389
REFERENCES 390
Chapter 20. Antihypertensive drugs 392
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS 393
Captopril 398
Enalapril 398
Lisinopril 400
Quinapril 400
Ramipril 400
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 401
Candesartan 401
Losartan 402
Telmisartan 403
Valsartan 403
DIRECT RENIN INHIBITORS 403
Aliskiren 403
ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 403
Ambrisentan 404
Bosentan 404
Sitaxsentan 405
DRUGS THAT ACT ON THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 405
PRESYNAPTIC ALPHAADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS 405
Clonidine 405
Methyldopa 406
POSTSYNAPTIC ALPHAADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 406
Alfuzosin 406
Doxazosin 406
Phenoxybenzamine 407
Tamsulosin 407
Hydralazine 408
Sodium nitroprusside 408
REFERENCES 409
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS 393
Captopril 398
Enalapril 398
Imidapril 400
Lisinopril 400
Quinapril 400
Ramipril 400
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 401
Candesartan 401
Irbesartan 402
Losartan 402
Telmisartan 403
Valsartan 403
DIRECT RENIN INHIBITORS 403
Aliskiren 403
ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 403
Ambrisentan 404
Bosentan 404
DRUGS THAT ACT ON THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM-29, 405
PRESYNAPTIC ALPHAADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS 405
Clonidine 405
Methyldopa 406
POSTSYNAPTIC ALPHAADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 406
Alfuzosin 406
Doxazosin 406
Phenoxybenzamine 407
Tamsulosin 407
Hydralazine 408
Sodium nitroprusside 408
REFERENCES 409
Chapter 21. Diuretics 414
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS 414
Acetazolamide 414
Brinzolamide 414
Dorzolamide 414
THIAZIDE AND THIAZIDELIKE DIURETICS 415
Chlortalidone 415
Hydrochlorothiazide 416
LOOP DIURETICS 418
ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 418
OSMOTIC DIURETICS 419
REFERENCES 420
Chapter 22. Metals 426
Aluminium 426
Tumorigenicity of aluminium 426
Antimony 427
Arsenic 428
Bismuth 428
Cesium 429
Cerium 429
Chromium 429
Cobalt 429
Copper 430
Gold and gold salts 430
Iron salts 430
LANTHANOIDS 431
Cerium nitrate 431
Lanthanum carbonate 432
Magnesium salts 433
Mercury and mercurial salts 434
Nickel 435
Potassium salts 435
Selenium 435
Silver salts and derivatives 436
Titanium 437
Zinc 437
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 437
REFERENCES 437
Chapter 23. Metal antagonists 442
IRON CHELATORS 442
Deferasirox 444
Deferiprone 445
Deferoxamine 445
PENICILLAMINE AND RELATED DRUGS 446
Bucillamine 446
Penicillamine 447
OTHER CHELATORS 447
Di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl- 3-thiosemicarbazone 447
Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) 448
Triapine® 448
REFERENCES 448
Chapter 24. Antiseptic drugs and disinfectants 452
ALDEHYDES 452
Formaldehyde 452
Glutaral (glutaraldehyde) 452
BISBIGUANIDES 453
Chlorhexidine 453
IODOPHORS 454
Polyvinylpyrrolidone 454
ORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS 454
Thiomersal 454
REFERENCES 455
Chapter 25. Penicillins, cephalosporins, other beta-lactam antibiotics, and tetracyclines 456
BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS 457
CARBAPENEMS 457
Doripenem 458
Tebipenem pivoxil 458
CEPHALOSPORINS 459
Cefdinir 459
Cefepime 459
Ceftriaxone 460
Cefprozil 460
MONOBACTAMS 460
Aztreonam 460
PENICILLINS 461
Amoxicillin 461
Co-amoxiclav and clavulanic acid 462
Nafcillin 462
TETRACYCLINES AND GLYCYLCYCLINES 462
Minocycline 463
Tetracycline 464
Tigecycline 464
REFERENCES 465
Chapter 26. Miscellaneous antibacterial drugs 470
AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS 470
Amikacin 470
Gentamicin 470
Neomycin 471
Tobramycin 471
CHLORAMPHENICOL AND RELATED DRUGS 472
Chloramphenicol 472
Thiamphenicol 472
FLUOROQUINOLONES 472
Ciprofloxacin 472
Gatifloxacin 474
Levofloxacin 475
Moxifloxacin 477
Ofloxacin 477
Sparfloxacin 478
GLYCOPEPTIDES 478
Dalbavancin 478
Teicoplanin 478
KETOLIDES 479
Telithromycin 479
LINCOSAMIDES 480
Clindamycin 480
MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS 480
Azithromycin 480
Clarithromycin 481
Erythromycin 481
Roxithromycin 482
NITROFURANTOIN 482
OXAZOLIDINONES 482
POLYMYXINS 484
STREPTOGRAMINS 485
Pristinamycin 485
Quinupristin/dalfopristin 486
Virginiamycin 487
SULFONAMIDES, TRIMETHOPRIM, AND CO-TRIMOXAZOLE 487
OTHER ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS 489
Daptomycin 489
Fosmidomycin 490
REFERENCES 490
Chapter 27. Antifungal drugs 500
ALLYLAMINES 500
Terbinafine 500
AMPHOTERICIN 501
Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) 502
Amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAMB) 502
Liposomal amphotericin (L-AmB) 502
ANTIFUNGAL AZOLES 502
Fluconazole 505
Itraconazole 506
Posaconazole 506
Voriconazole 506
ECHINOCANDINS 507
Micafungin 507
REFERENCES 508
Chapter 28. Antiprotozoal drugs 512
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS 512
4-AMINOQUINOLINES (CHLOROQUINE AND CONGENERS) 512
Amodiaquine 512
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine 513
Mefloquine 514
QUININE AND CONGENERS 515
ENDOPEROXIDES 516
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI INFECTIONS 517
Sulfonamides 517
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF OTHER PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS 518
Metronidazole 518
REFERENCES 518
Chapter 29. Antiviral drugs 520
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST CYTOMEGALOVIRUS 520
Cidofovir 520
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HERPESVIRUSES 521
Aciclovir 521
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HEPATITIS VIRUSES 523
Adefovir 523
Lamivudine 523
Telbivudine 524
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: COMBINATIONS 524
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTI) 525
Abacavir 525
Didanosine 526
Emtricitabine 527
Stavudine 527
Zidovudine 528
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGUE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTI) 528
Tenofovir 528
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTI) 529
Efavirenz 529
Nevirapine 529
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: PROTEASE INHIBITORS 530
Amprenavir 530
Atazanavir 530
Indinavir 531
Nelflnavir 531
Ritonavir 531
Saquinavir 531
DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUSES: NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS 532
Oseltamivir 532
REFERENCES 532
Chapter 30. Drugs used in tuberculosis and leprosy 538
Dapsone 539
Ethambutol 540
Isoniazid 541
Rifampicin 541
Rifapentine 543
Newer drugs for tuberculosis 543
REFERENCES 545
Chapter 31. Antihelminthic drugs 550
BENZIMIDAZOLES 551
Albendazole and mebendazole 551
Ivermectin 552
Levamisole 553
Myrrh 554
Praziquantel 554
Suramin 555
REFERENCES 555
Chapter 32. Vaccines 558
Vaccines and Guillain–Barré syndrome 558
Vaccines and autism 559
Information about vaccine safety 561
The Vaccine Safety and Public Confidence Assurance Act of 2007 561
Surveillance of adverse events following immunization 561
Combination vaccines/multiple immunizations 562
BACTERIAL VACCINES 562
Meningococcal vaccine 562
Pertussis vaccine (including diphtheria–tetanus–whole-cell pertussis vaccine [DTwP]) 563
VIRAL VACCINES 563
Hepatitis B vaccine (including combination vaccines with HB component) 563
Measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine 564
Mumps vaccine 564
Rotavirus vaccine 564
Varicella vaccine 565
Yellow fever vaccine 566
OTHER COMPONENTS OF VACCINES 566
Aluminium 566
Squalene 566
Yeast 567
REFERENCES 567
Chapter 33. Blood, blood components, plasma, and plasma products 570
ALBUMIN 570
ANTICOAGULANT PROTEINS 570
Drotrecogin alfa (recombinant human activated protein C) 570
BLOOD TRANSFUSION 571
BLOOD SUBSTITUTES 574
Hemin 574
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers 574
Perfluorocarbons 574
PLASMA PRODUCTS 575
Alpha[sub(1)]-proteinase inhibitor 575
Antithrombin III 575
C1 inhibitor concentrate 575
Fresh Frozen Plasma 575
PLASMA SUBSTITUTES 576
Polygelines 577
GLOBULINS 577
Immunoglobulins 577
COAGULATION PROTEINS 580
Coagulation factor concentrates 580
Gene therapy 580
Prothrombin complex concentrate 580
ERYTHROPOIETIN AND DERIVATIVES 581
HEMATOLOGICAL GROWTH FACTORS 582
STEM CELLS 582
REFERENCES 583
Chapter 34. Vitamins, intravenous solutions, and drugs and formulations used in nutrition 590
VITAMINS IN GENERAL 590
VITAMIN A (CAROTENOIDS) 591
VITAMINS OF THE B GROUP 591
Nicotinamide 591
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID) 591
VITAMIN D ANALOGUES 592
VITAMIN E 592
PARENTERAL NUTRITION 592
Fat emulsions 593
REFERENCES 593
Chapter 35. Drugs affecting blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and hemostasis 596
COUMARIN ANTICOAGULANTS 596
HEPARINS 599
DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS 602
Argatroban 602
Bivalirudin 602
Dabigatran 602
Lepirudin 602
Ximelagatran 603
DIRECT FACTOR IXa INHIBITORS 604
DIRECT FACTOR Xa INHIBITORS 604
Apixaban 604
Otamixaban 604
Razaxaban 605
Rivaroxaban 605
INDIRECT FACTOR Xa INHIBITORS 606
Fondaparinux 606
Idraparinux 606
THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS 607
Reteplase 607
Tenecteplase 607
DRUGS THAT ALTER PLATELET FUNCTION 607
Anagrelide 607
Dipyridamole 607
Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors 608
Clopidogrel and ticlopidine 609
HEMOSTATIC AGENTS 609
Aprotinin 609
REFERENCES 610
Chapter 36. Gastrointestinal drugs 616
ANTACIDS 616
ANTIEMETICS AND DRUGS THAT AFFECT GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY 616
Cisapride 616
Dronabinol 616
Metoclopramide 617
Renzapride 617
Tegaserod 617
5-HT[sub(3)] RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 618
Alosetron 618
Ondansetron 618
Palonosetron 619
Tropisetron 619
HISTAMINE H[sub(2)] RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 619
Famotidine 619
Ranitidine 620
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS 620
Esomeprazole 621
Lansoprazole 621
Omeprazole 621
Pantoprazole 622
Rabeprazole 622
Tenatoprazole 622
H. PYLORI ERADICATION REGIMENS 622
Esomeprazole + amoxicillin + gatifloxacin 623
Omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin 623
Pantoprazole + amoxicillin + rifabutin 623
Rabeprazole + clarithromycin + amoxicillin 623
Rabeprazole + levofloxacin + tinidazole 624
Ranitidine bismuth citrate + amoxicillin + clarithromycin 624
LAXATIVES AND ORAL BOWEL PREPARATIONS 624
Bisacodyl 624
Phosphates 624
Polyethylene glycol 625
AMINOSALICYLATES 626
Balsalazide 626
Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, mesalamine) 626
PREBIOTICS 626
REFERENCES 627
Chapter 37. Drugs that act on the immune system: cytokines and monoclonal antibodies 632
COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS 632
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 632
Interferon alfa 634
INTERLEUKINS 635
Anakinra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) 635
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-a) ANTAGONISTS 635
Adalimumab 640
Etanercept 643
Infliximab 644
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 645
Adalimumab 645
Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H®) 645
Basiliximab 646
Bevacizumab 647
Daclizumab 648
Efalizumab 648
Infliximab 650
Muromonab 650
Rituximab 650
REFERENCES 653
Chapter 38. Drugs that act on the immune system: immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory drugs 662
Ciclosporin 662
Everolimus (SDZ-RAD) 665
ISA 247 667
Mycophenolate mofetil 670
Pimecrolimus 671
Sirolimus (rapamycin) 671
Tacrolimus 673
THIOPURINES 677
Azathioprine 678
6-Thioguanine 681
REFERENCES 681
Chapter 39. Corticotrophins, corticosteroids, and prostaglandins 690
CORTICOTROPHINS 690
SYSTEMIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS 690
PROSTAGLANDINS AND ANALOGUES 694
Bimatoprost 694
Latanoprost 694
Misoprostol 694
Travoprost 694
REFERENCES 695
Chapter 40. Sex hormones and related compounds, including hormonal contraceptives 698
GONADOTROPINS AND OVULATION-INDUCING DRUGS 699
Estrogens 699
Diethylstilbestrol 700
Possible transgenerational effects of diethylstilbestrol 700
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 702
Cardiovascular adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy 702
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES 706
ANTIESTROGENS AND SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS (SERMS) 707
Clomifene 708
Exemestane 708
Fulvestrant 708
Letrozole 709
Raloxifene 709
Tamoxifen 710
PROGESTOGENS 712
Drospirenone 713
Megestrol acetate 713
PROGESTERONE ANTAGONISTS 714
Mifepristone 714
SEX HORMONE AGONISTS 714
Tibolone 714
SEX HORMONE ANTAGONISTS 715
Gestrinone 715
ANDROGENS, ANABOLIC STEROIDS, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 715
Androgens 715
Androgenic anabolic steroids 716
Stanozolol 716
ANTIANDROGENS 716
Bicalutamide 717
Dutasteride 718
Finasteride 718
Flutamide 718
REFERENCES 718
Chapter 41. Thyroid hormones, iodine, and antithyroid drugs 726
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, protirelin) 726
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) 726
THYROID HORMONES 726
IODINE AND IODIDES 727
Radioactive iodine compounds 727
ANTITHYROID DRUGS 728
REFERENCES 729
Chapter 42. Insulin, other hypoglycemic drugs, and glucagon 732
GLUCAGON 732
INSULIN 732
ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS 734
AMYLIN ANALOGUES 735
Pramlintide 735
BIGUANIDES 735
Metformin 735
DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE INHIBITORS 736
Sitagliptin 736
Vildagliptin 737
INCRETIN MIMETICS 738
Liraglutide 738
MEGLITINIDES 738
Repaglinide 738
SULFONYLUREAS 738
Glibenclamide 739
Glipizide 739
Gliquidone 739
THAZOLIDINEDIONES (GLITAZONES) 740
Risk of adverse cardiovascular effects in patients taking thiazolidinediones 740
Rosiglitazone 741
PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORACTIVATED RECEPTOR & #945
Tesaglitazar 742
REFERENCES 742
Chapter 43. Miscellaneous hormones 746
Calcitonin 746
Gonadotropins (gonadorelin and analogues) 746
Somatropin (human growth hormone, hGH) 748
Growth hormone receptor antagonists 750
Melatonin 751
Oxytocin and analogues 751
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin 752
Parathyroid hormone 752
Somatostatin (growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone) and analogues 752
Octreotide 752
VASOPRESSIN AND ANALOGUES 753
Desmopressin (N-deamino-8-Darginine vasopressin, DDAVP) 753
Terlipressin 753
REFERENCES 754
Chapter 44. Drugs that affect lipid metabolism 758
Ezetimibe 758
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors 758
Fluvastatin 760
Rosuvastatin 761
REFERENCES 761
Chapter 45. Cytostatic and cytotoxic drugs 764
DNA alkylating N-Lost derivatives 764
REFERENCES 770
Chapter 46. Radiological contrast agents 774
TYPES OF CONTRAST AGENTS 774
Water-soluble intravascular iodinated contrast agents 774
Contrast medium-induced nephrotoxicity 774
MRI CONTRAST MEDIA 777
Gadolinium salts 777
Polyethylene glycol 780
REFERENCES 780
Chapter 47. Drugs used in ocular treatment 782
DRUGS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF AGERELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 782
Pegaptanib 782
Ranibizumab 782
Verteporfin and photodynamic therapy 782
ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS 783
Pilocarpine 783
ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS 783
Phenylephrine 783
ANTIBIOTICS 783
Fluoroquinolones 783
ARTIFICIAL TEARS 783
Systane 783
BETA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 783
Timolol 784
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS 784
GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS 784
Anecortave acetate 784
Dexamethasone 784
NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS 784
Bromfenac 784
Ketorolac 785
PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES 785
Bimatoprost 785
Travoprost 785
REFERENCES 786
Chapter 48. Treatments used in complementary and alternative medicine 788
GENERAL 788
HERBAL MEDICINES 788
ANTHROPOSOPHIC MEDICINES 791
SPECIFIC PLANTS 791
PLANT TOXINS 796
AROMATHERPY 796
CUPPING 796
REFERENCES 797
Chapter 49. Miscellaneous drugs, materials, medical devices, and techniques 800
Alcohol 800
Calabash chalk 802
Disulfiram 803
DYESTUFFS 803
Indocyanine green 803
Hydrogen peroxide 804
Latex allergy 804
Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) 806
Nicotine 806
Paraffins 807
Phosphatidylcholine 808
Silicone 809
Talc 809
DEVICES 809
Drug-eluting stents 809
Syringes 810
REFERENCES 810
Index of drugs 814
A 814
B 816
C 817
D 818
E 819
F 820
G 820
H 821
I 821
K 822
L 822
M 823
N 824
O 824
P 824
Q 826
R 826
S 826
T 827
U 828
V 828
W 829
X 829
Y 829
Z 829
Index of adverse effects 830
A 830
B 832
C 833
D 834
E 836
F 836
G 837
H 838
I 840
J 840
K 840
L 840
M 841
N 842
O 843
P 844
Q 845
R 845
S 846
T 847
U 848
V 848
W 848
X 849
Y 849
Z 849