Hormones and their Actions, Part 1 (eBook)

Cover 1
TOC$Contents 8
List of contributors 6
Section I: General aspects of hormones and hormone actions 16
CH$Chapter 1. The biosynthesis of steroid hormones: an update 18
1. Introduction 18
2. Role of lipoproteins in steroidogenesis 19
3. Mitochondrial cholesterol 19
4. Side-chain cleavage (SCC) of cholesterol 23
5. Biosynthesis of corticosteroids 26
6. Biosynthesis of the androgens 30
7. Biosynthesis of oestrogens 35
8. Secretion of synthesized steroid hormones 39
9. Conclusion 40
Acknowledgements 40
References 40
CH$Chapter 2. Overview of molecular aspects of steroid hormone actions 44
1. Introduction 44
2. Intracellular events in steroid action 44
3. Specificity of steroid action 47
References 52
CH$Chapter 3. Gene regulation by steroid hormones 54
1. Introduction 54
2. Structure and function of steroid receptors 54
3. Steroid receptor–DNA interactions 57
4. Steroid receptor–chromatin interactions 61
5. Steroid hormone–activated gene networks 61
References 62
CH$Chapter 4. Characterization, assay and purification of steroid receptors 64
1. Introduction 64
2. Properties of steroid receptors 65
3. Assay of steroid receptors 68
4. Purification of steroid receptors 70
5. Characterization of steroid receptors 72
References 73
CH$Chapter 5. Mechanism of action of thyroid hormone 76
1. Introduction 76
2. Thyroid hormone production, transport and uptake by the target cells 78
3. Thyroid hormone nuclear receptors and cellular binding protiens 79
4. Induction and repression of pituitary hormones 81
5. Regulation of lipogenesis in the liver 83
6. Effects of thyroid hormone on the receptor–adenylate cyclase system in the adipocyte and the hepatocyte 85
7. The muscle cell: ß-adrenergic responsiveness and the expression of myosin heavy chains 87
8. Thyroid hormones and brain development 88
9. Conclusions 91
References 91
CH$Chapter 6. Metabolism of thyroid hormone 96
1. Metabolic pathways of thyroid hormone 96
2. Type I iodothyronine deiodinase of liver and kidney 100
3. Iodothyronine deiodinases of other tissues 108
4. Transport of iodothyronines into tissues 112
5. Regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism 114
References 115
CH$Chapter 7. Characterization of membrane receptors: some general considerations 120
1. Introduction 120
2. Preparation of receptor probe 121
3. Preparation of membrane receptors 122
4. Hormone binding characteristics of the membrane receptor 126
5. Molecular properties of the membrane receptor 128
6. Solubilization of the membrane receptor 129
7. Summary 130
References 130
CH$Chapter 8. Metabolism and intracellular processing of protein hormones 132
1. Introduction 132
2. Biosynthesis of protein hormones 133
3. Processing of prohormones 136
4. Storage of protein hormones 142
5. Release of protein hormones 142
6. Circulation in blood 143
7. Degradation of protein hormones 143
8. Conclusions 145
References 145
CH$Chapter 9. Internalization of peptide hormones and hormone receptors 148
1. Introduction 148
2. General features of receptor-mediated endocytosis 149
3. Methods used to assess receptor-mediated endocytosis 152
4. Biological consequences of receptor-mediated endocytosis 159
5. Conclusion 162
References 162
CH$Chapter 10. Physiological aspects of luteinizing hormone releasing factor and sex steroid actions: the interrelationship of agonist and antagonist activities 166
1. Introduction 166
2. LHRH and LHRH analogues 167
3. Steroid antagonists 171
References 179
Section II: Specifice action of steroid hormones 182
CH$Chapter 11. The functions of testosterone and its metabolites 184
1. Introduction 184
2 . The functions of androgens in various target cells 189
3. Concluding remarks 207
Acknowledgements 209
References 209
CH$Chapter 12. Oestrogen actions 212
1. Introduction 212
2. Oestrogen receptors 215
3. Oestrogen receptor genes 218
4. Oestrogen control of gene expression 220
5. Oestrogen control of cell proliferation 222
6. Antioestrogen actions 225
7. Conclusions 227
Acknowledgements 228
References 228
CH$Chapter 13. Glucocorticoid receptor actions 232
1. Introduction 232
2. Glucocorticoid induced lymphocytolysis 232
3. Lymphoid cell variants with altered hormone responsiveness 233
4. Glucocorticoid receptor defects 235
5. Molecular weights of glucocorticoid receptor polypeptides 236
6 . Partial proteolysis of glucocorticoid receptors 237
7. Functional domains of glucocorticoid receptors 237
8. Glucocorticoid response elements 245
9. Higher order structures of glucocorticoid receptors 248
References 250
CH$Chapter 14. Progesterone action and receptors 256
1. Introduction 256
2. Physiology and clinical uses 256
3. Mechanisms of action 258
4. Conclusions 276
Acknowledgements 277
References 277
CH$Chapter 15. The pleiotropic vitamin D hormone 284
1. Introduction 284
2. Production and metabolism of vitamin D 284
3. Modes of action of 1,25(OH)2D3 286
4. Vitamin D and the maintenance of mineral homeostasis 291
5. Non-classical vitamin D responsive systems 295
6. Vitamin D and the immune system 297
7. Clinical disorders related to vitamin D 299
8. Summary 300
References 301
IDX$Subject Index 306